Injectable infusions

Sodium Chloride Injection, Dextrose 5% in 0.45% Sodium Chloride, Ringer s or Lactated Ringer s Injection). Infuse slowly IV over not less than 15 minutes, 30 minutes before beginning cancer chemotherapy repeat every 2 hours for 2 doses, then every 3 hours for 3 doses. 

Injection Infuse each IV dose over 1 hour. Not for IV bolus injection. 

Dosing routes Oral (gavage, capsules) intravenous (injection, infusion) subcutaneous intramuscular or intravitreal. 

Figure 1 The convulsive (a) and antidepressant-like (b) effects of SNC80 administered by intravenous injection infused in 20 sec. During and immediately after the infusion, rats were observed for 20 min to watch for convulsive activity (a). Thirty minutes after the SNC80 infusion, rats were evaluated in the forced swim test (b). Counts of immobility were recorded as previously described [62]. P <. 01 as compared to vehicle by Dunnett s post hoc test.

Continuous infusion may also be a mode of administration if the same mode administration is planned for clinical use or if the solubility is too low to achieve blood levels after single day injections. Infusions can be conducted either by external pumps connected to the animals vein or by internal pumps implanted subcutaneously. This mode of administration requires special equipments and great experience by the technicians. A major concern is to avoid infections of the implantation site. These types of studies should be confined to special laboratories with the necessary equipment and experience because under certain circumstances the time of infusion is 24 hours per day. 

GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Guide (IP, IM, IV, and SC injections infusions buccal, oral and sublingual tablets, powders and capsules ophthalmic preparations topical solutions). Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines licensed in the UK. 

Zenk KE, Anderson S. Improving the accuracy of minivolume injections. Infusion 1982 Jan—Eeb 7—11. 

OTA estimates about 60 percent of dollar sales to hospitals are for injectable and infusible products. About 23 percent of all ethical pharmaceutical sales are to hospitals, which would imply that about 14 percent of sales overall are for these products. But a proportion of sales to hospitals are made through hospitals outpatient pharmacies, which have no incentives to encourage doctors to prescribe generics, so 14 percent is an overestimate of the size of the injectable-infusible market.5 Nevertheless, OTA assumed 14 percent of total sales are for these hospital products. OTA also assumed that dollar sales of these products to hospitals... 

CEA-Scan (murine) Immunomedics 1996 Lyophilized IV injection infusion... 

Basiliximab (Simulect) 1998 Chimeric 144 8.6 L (adults) 5.2 L (children) 7.2 days (adults) 1 1.5 days (children) IV injection infusion (1.0) IL-2Ra on T lymphocytes Prevent rejection of kidney transplant... 

The pH-coordinate of Pj gives the pH of an aqueous solution of vitamin C of that example CH30+ cha , pH = 3.33. Since fruit juices also contain other acids with similar pZj, values, their pH is usually in the range of 3 to 4. A solution of sodium hydrogen ascorbate would have at the same concentration a pH of 7.7 (see P2 in Fig. 64, CH2A For parenteral delivery of vitamin C (injections, infusions), hydrogen ascorbate is used to make the solution pH compatible with blood. 

Injections Infusions Parenterals Parenteral nutrition Administration Reconstitution Infusion systems RTA Formulation Preparation Phlebitis... 

The Ph. Eur. defines parenteral preparations as sterile preparations intended for administration by injection, infusion or implantation into the human or animal body . They are categorised as ... 

Direct injection (infusion) MS of unpurified samples has also been used as a metabolomics technique since it uses a single unpurified extract to examine all ions in a sample to produce a single spectrum. Although it has some drawbacks, such as ionisation suppression, it is considered useful for reducing data complexity especially when used with accurate mass, as long as the resolution of the instmment is sufficient to distinguish ions with the same nominal, but different monoisotopic mass (Dunn et al, 2005). 

Formulations, however, can vary substantially in terms of the technological capabilities required for production. Products such as injectable infusions and ophthalmic formulations require sterilization, which is achieved through a production process that is technologically complex and demanding in terms of meeting standards of safety, efficacy and quality - particularly for injectable infusions. There are three local firms that manufacture Injectable infusions and a few others that produce sterile ophthalmic products, including Laboratories Allied (Wamae and Kariuki Kungu, 2014). 

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