Parenteral nutrition continuous infusions

While the exposure for bolus injections is negligible, photoexposure during intermittent or especially continuous infusions may be crucial. For instance, admixtures used in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) therapy are administered over 12 to 24 hours, and the infusion reservoirs are exposed to UV-VIS illumination for prolonged periods. 

Kerin MJ, Pickford IR, Jaeger H, Couse NF, et al. A prospective and randomised study comparing the incidence of infusion phlebitis during continuous and cyclic peripheral parenteral nutrition. Chn Nutr 1991 10 315. 

Remove sodium from nutritional sources and medications Increase dose, use continuous infusion or combination therapy Use parenteral therapy switch to oral torsemide or bumetanide Increase dose, switch diuretics, use combination therapy... 

Rosemarin DK, Wardlaw GM, Mirtallo JM. Hyperglycemia associated with high, continuous infusion rates of total parenteral nutrition dextrose. Nutr Clin Pract 1996 11 151-156. 

Parenteral nutrition was always started within the first 24 hours of life. All infusion solutions (Table 2) were administered simultaneously through a venous catheter in an tunbilical scalp vein. The carbohydrate and amino acid solutions were infused continuously using infusion pumps. 

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