Inhibitors refineries

Naphthenic acid corrosion has been a problem ia petroleum-refining operations siace the early 1900s. Naphthenic acid corrosion data have been reported for various materials of constmction (16), and correlations have been found relating corrosion rates to temperature and total acid number (17). Refineries processing highly naphthenic cmdes must use steel alloys 316 stainless steel [11107-04-3] is the material of choice. Conversely, naphthenic acid derivatives find use as corrosion inhibitors ia oil-weU and petroleum refinery appHcations. 

The history of corrosion inhibitors and neutralizers and their invention, development, and application in the petroleum industry is documented by a review of Fisher [605]. Early corrosion inhibitor applications in each of the various segments of the industry, including oil wells, natural gas plants, refineries, and product pipelines, are reviewed. 

Arsenic compounds can be very effective corrosion inhibitors but their toxicity, ineffectiveness in hydrochloric acids above 17% active and in the presence of H S, and their ability to poison refinery catalysts has limited their use (148). Epoxy resins have been coated onto metal surfaces and cured with a polyamine to reduce corrosion (149). 

From the preceding discussion, it can be seen that the mathematical description of the chemical transformations involved in product formation can be extremely difficult. However, knowledge of the response of HDS reaction rates to different kinds of feed components and byproducts is extremely important for designing new processes that will allow refineries to meet the stringent standards of the future. The following text attempts to summarize the observations reported in the literature on the effects of inhibitors on the hydrodesulfurization rates of alkyl-substituted dibenzo-thiophenes. It is quite possible that many reports have been overlooked, and the present authors apologize for any oversights that may have occurred in this review. 

In the refinery, crude oil is heated at 350 °C and passed through an atmospheric distillation column. The distribution of temperature of the column should be about 350 °C in the bottom and 50 °C at the top. The crude oil contains dissolved gas, H2S, for example, and a small amount of water that contains dissolved CaCl2 and MgCl2. (a) What type of corrosion problems should we expect (b) What type of protection should be adopted (c) What type of corrosion inhibitor should be used (Pou)... 

As corrosion inhibitors at petroleum refineries and natural gas plants,... 

The most significant impurities in the feed streams to a typical alkylation unit are ethylene, dlolefins, sulfur compounds and water. Corrosion Inhibitors and other chemicals used in upstream processing can also be present in some cases, and these can have harmful effects. The amount of each iaqiurlty that reaches the alkylation reactor varies considerably from refinery to refinery. If accurately determined and properly accounted for, these impurities can explain an appreciable percentage of the acid make-up reported by various operating units. The impurity data shown in Table I can be used to evaluate the merit of Improved upstream process control and/or more efficient feed pretreatment methods. 

Although the type and amount of each additive permitted in aviation fuels are strictly limited to color dye, antioxidant, metal deactivator, corrosion inhibitor, fuel system icing inhibitor, static dissipator, and lubricity additive, test methods for checking the concentration present are not specified in every case. In some cases tests to determine the additive content (or its effect) are called for, but in other cases a written statement of its original addition (e.g., at the refinery) is accepted as adequate evidence of its presence. 

Miscellaneous Refrigerant, detergents, corrosion inhibitor (petroleum refineries), stabilization of latex, insecticides, nitroparaffins, hydrazine... 

In Delaware, this oil (4500 gal/yr) is recycled at the oil refinery at Delaware City 306 Liquid carbon dioxide is being used to take motor oil off of high-density polyethylene containers, so that both can be recycled.307 Safety-Kleen Corp. offers nationwide collection for used oil and antifreeze from cars and other sources.308 Mobile on-site services are also available for removing toxic compounds and acid degradation products from ethylene glycol antifreeze, with addition of new corrosion inhibitors, so that the antifreeze can be reused.309 Organoclays have been used to remove oils from water.310... 

MMT. MMT is a fuel additive developed in the 1950s to increase the octane level of gasoline and thus improve the antiknock properties of the fuel (Davis 1998 EPA 1984a HSDB 1993 Lynam et al. 1990 NAS 1973). It can also be used as a fuel oil additive and a smoke inhibitor (HSDB 1999). MMT was introduced into Canada in 1976 and its use has increased so substantially that it completely replaced tetraethyl lead in gasoline in that country in 1990 (Zayed et al. 1999). Ethyl Corporation, the manufacturer of MMT, has been marketing its product to U.S. refineries since late 1995 (Davis 1998). There are no data concerning the extent of its use in the U.S. 

Akolidine. [Loiiza] Alkyl pyridine mixture ctXTOsion inhibitor for metals, acid pickling, industrial add deaning, oUfield processes and treatment of oil refinery equip. 

Corrosion inhibitors, emulsion breakers, and dispersants, which are substances that prevent the deposit of polymers or other insoluble particles on vessel surfaces, all serve a valuable purpose in that the refinery could not be operated effectively, or in many cases at all, without them. However, they do have one drawback. They all have surface activity and can stabilize foam formation in any of the vessels in which they are present. In addition, the crude oil itself may contain elements that would stabilize foam formation. 

Arnox. [Witco/Qtganics] Surfactants deteig emulsUier, defoamer intermediate, wetting i ent, ctxiosion inhibitor, forpersOTal care j ods., household, painC oilfield, refinery, agric., textile, leather, plastics qrplics. 

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