Substitution procedure

Where the new bridge is attached through C-C bonds to the carbohydrate chain, the bridge prefix denotes a double C-substitution. Procedures are as outlined in 2-Carb-16. 

The pharmacological properties of phenylethylamines that control selfadministration are complex. The effects of phenylethylamines on a variety of pharmacological measures do not appear to predict the reinforcing effects of these drugs, as measured by the cocaine substitution procedure in primates. Specifically, none of the following behavioral effects of these compounds accurately predict the results of self-administration experiments within the phenylethylamine class (Griffiths et al. 1976 Griffiths et al. 

It solves sets of equations using a consecutive substitution procedure (the... 

However REACH moves the list approach forward by setting a clear standard across Europe on what must be substituted. Any chemical meeting the criteria of very high concern because of its inherent hazards should be subject to the substitution procedure. Conversely, any chemical not intrinsically of very high... 

Both aliphatic and aromatic nucleophilic substitution procedures involve first pre-activation of cyclotron-produced, no-carrier-added, aqueous [ Fjfluoride. 

Nucleophilic substitution procedures are also of use of the synthesis of j3-chlorinated thiophenes. Copper(I) chloride converted 3-bromothio-phene into its chloro analogue. Such reactions are best carried out in an... 

Self-administration studies can be initiated in one of two ways direct self-administration or substitution. In the direct self-administration procedure, inexperienced subjects are given access to a test drug, and the extent to which self-administration is initiated and maintained is measured and can be compared to the rate of behavior observed when placebo and/or other drugs are available. In the more commonly used substitution procedure, self-administration of a standard or prototypic abused drug is established first the test drug is then substituted for the standard drug, and changes in self-administration behavior are measured. 

In a nucleophilic substitution procedure a number of chloropyridazines were converted by sodium iodide into the iodo analogues (77AJC2319). 

Scheme 3 Syntheses of various AFAT-AuNPs (using the ligand substitution procedure) for the selective recognition and titration of oxo-anions (for instance, 18-Fc means AuNPs with 18% AFAT ligand and 82% dodecanethiolate ligand)...

The model described above is a so-called substitution procedure where the animal is first trained to respond... 

Use of an appropriate self-administration paradigm, such as the substitution procedure described above,... 

Equal resistive ratio arms are used and a small variable capacitor is applied across resistance 1 to balance the conductance of the unknown in arm 4. A substitution procedure is generally used. First, the bridge is balanced with the sample cell out (switch S open). Then the sample cell is connected in (switch S closed) and balance regained by compensating for the cell capacitance Cx by decreasing C4 and for the cell conductance Gx by increasing Cj. From the two sets of balance conditions we obtain, for tan Sx < 10-2,... 

The versatility of the 1,4-disubstituted cyclohexene derivatives as synthesis intermediates, with emphasis on stereo control, was demonstrated by substitution procedures. Direct Sn2 with malonate anion proceeds selectively for Cl with inversion, and Pd°-catalyzed substitution also proceeds selectively at Cl, but with retention. A second substitution, Pd°-catalyzed, using dimethylamine in this case, leads to replacement of the acetate with retention (Scheme 24). ... 

Scheme 24 Substitution procedures to elaborate the l,4-disubstituted-2-cyclohexenes...

Subject to the above considerations, azidozizomethines may be obtained by normal nucleophilic substitution procedures and some representative examples are shown in equations (44) to (47). 

A similar substitution procedure works for the three-body term H2 (2), which we also leave unexpanded, since... 

This substitution procedure has been successful not just with a wide variety of neutral and charged carboxylic acids (to produce model systems for the deposition of polycationic [Mnn] units on oxide surfaces [54] or as precursors for the organisation of SMMs on silicon [55], or gold surfaces [56], for example), but also with other Ugands that can bond in a similar manner. Thus, nitrate (e.g. [Mni20i2(02CPh)i2(N03)4(H20)4], 4) [57],... 

In certain instances, such as in the study of large organic compounds that require a complicated synthesis procedure or of biochemical molecules, it is not possible to measure the heat of formation directly. A substitute procedure in these cases is to measure the energy change for some other reaction, usually the heat of combustion, that is, the energy liberated when the compound is completely oxidized (all the carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide, all the hydrogen to water, etc.). The standard heat of combustion AcH°(7 ) is defined to be the heat of combustion with both the reactants and the prod- ucts in their standard states, at the temperature T. The standard heat of combustion at... 

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