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Inhalants ingestion methods

Method [80] inhalation, ingestion or by absorption through skin, serious irritant, experimental teratogen... [Pg.95]

Uranium can enter the human body through inhalation, ingestion, or penetration through the skin. Measurement of the quantifies of uranium in the body can be performed by two primary methods, in vivo measurements and in vitro measurements. These types of measurements are called bioassays. In vivo techniques measure the quantifies of internally deposited uranium directly using a whole body counter while in vitro techniques permit estimation of internally deposited uranium by analysis of body fluids, excreta, or (in rare instances) tissues obtained through biopsy or postmortem tissue sectioning (NCRP 1987) (USUTR 1999). Some of these analytical methods are summarized in Table 6-1. [Pg.314]

Strontium can enter the human body through inhalation, ingestion, or penetration through the skin. Measurement of the quantities of radiostrontium in the body can be performed by two primary methods, in vivo measurements and in vitro measurements. These types of measurements are called bioassays. [Pg.285]

Inhalation of high concentrations of monochlorotoluenes will cause symptoms of central nervous system depression. Inhalation studies produced an LC q (rat, 4 h) of 7119 ppm for o-chlorotoluene (68). o- and Chlorotoluene are both considered moderately toxic by ingestion (Table 2). A study of the relationship between the electronic stmcture and toxicity parameters for a series of mono-, di-, and tri-chlorotoluenes has been reviewed (72). A thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed to assess the degree of occupational exposure of workers to chlorotoluenes by determining j -cblorobippuric... [Pg.54]

Absorption across biological membranes is often necessary for a chemical to manifest toxicity. In many cases several membranes need to be crossed and the structure of both the chemical and the membrane need to be evaluated in the process. The major routes of absorption are ingestion, inhalation, dermal and, in the case of exposures in aquatic systems, gills. Factors that influence absorption have been reviewed recently. Methods to assess absorption include in vivo, in vitro, various cellular cultures as well as modelling approaches. Solubility and permeability are barriers to absorption and guidelines have been developed to estimate the likelihood of candidate molecules being absorbed after oral administration. ... [Pg.33]

Methods for Determining Parent Compounds and Degradation Products in Environmental Media. Analytical methods with the required sensitivity and accuracy are available for quantification of americium, both total and isotopic, in environmental matrices (see Table 7-2). Knowledge of the levels of americium in various environmental media, along with the appropriate modeling (see Chapters 3 and 5), can be used to evaluate potential human exposures through inhalation and ingestion pathways. [Pg.216]

In order to extrapolate laboratory animal results to humans, an interspecies dose conversion must be performed. Animals such as rodents have different physical dimensions, rates of intake (ingestion or inhalation), and lifespans from humans, and therefore are expected to respond differently to a specified dose level of any chemical. Estimation of equivalent human doses is usually performed by scaling laboratory doses according to observable species differences. Unfortunately, detailed quantitative data on the comparative pharmacokinetics of animals and humans are nonexistent, so that scaling methods remain approximate. In carcinogenic risk extrapolation, it is commonly assumed that the rate of response for mammals is proportional to internal surface area... [Pg.299]

Moving away from the site of the attack as quickly as possible will reduce the amount of exposure. Orderly retreat will reduce the risk of other accidents such as sprains or broken bones. An individual could receive additional exposure for every minute spent in the open near the attack site. If he has had direct contact with a hazardous substance, the time of exposure should be minimized. Hazardous substances on the skin, clothing, and hair should be removed as quickly as possible using specific decontamination methods outlined in Chapter 7. Special medical attention should be administered as soon as possible if an individual has ingested or inhaled a hazardous substance or if the hazardous substance entered the body through a wound. Consider the following example ... [Pg.128]

The two principal methods by which actinides may enter the body are inhalation and penetration through wounds. These two routes of entry are of obvious concern to those individuals working in nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. The principal route of entry by which most of the general public is likely to be exposed to the actinides could be expected to be via the food chain. However, Bennett (176) has indicated that inhalation of 239>(i) 240Pii is more important by a factor of 1000 compared to the uptake by ingestion in contributing to the body burden. [Pg.72]

Human exposure to cresol is likely to occur by inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water. Standardized methods for the determination of the isomeric cresols exist for both of these matrices. These methods are both reproducible and sensitive. In addition, acceptable methods for the determination of cresol in other environmental media have appeared in the literature. [Pg.139]

Methods for Determining Parent Compounds and Degradation Products in Environmental Media. Human exposure to diazinon occurs via inhalation of ambient air ingestion of contaminated food and water and dermal uptake through occupational and non-occupational contact with contaminated soils, surface water, and commercial preparations. Methods have been reported for the measurement of... [Pg.179]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.233 , Pg.236 ]




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