Inhalants common names

Therapeutic Function Inhalation anesthetic Chemical Name (2,2,2-trlfluoroethoxy)ethene Common Name 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl vinyl ether Structural Formula CF3CH20CH=CH2 Chemical Abstracts Registry No. 406-90-6... 

Therapeutic Function Inhalation anesthetic Chemical Name 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Common Name —... 

Henbane is a biennial herb growing wild in Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa, and cultivated in several other countries (Robbers et al. 1996). The ancient Egyptians mention its use in the Ebers Papyrus, written circa 1500 B.C.E. (Shultes and Hofman 1992). It was also mentioned in writings by the ancient Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides for its medicinal uses. It has been suggested that the Oracle of Delphi inhaled smoke from henbane seeds to induce a prophetic trance. The plant is poisonous to livestock animals, as indicated by its common name henbane, and by its botanical name hyoscyamus, meaning "hog bean."... 

Inhalants were historically used as alternatives when other drugs were inaccessible or overpriced. This is also true today. Young people turn to inhalants because they are readily accessible and inexpensive. A young person may not be able to get alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana, but inhalants are easy to buy. Two common names for inhalants are hippie crack and poor man s pot, implying they are substitutes for other drugs that are out of reach. 

Nitrous oxide (NYE-truss OX-side) is also known as dinitrogen oxide, dinitrogen monoxide, nitrogen monoxide, and laughing gas. It is a colorless, nonflammable gas with a sweet odor. Its common name of laughing gas is derived from the fact that it produces a sense of light-headedness when inhaled. The gas is widely used as an anesthetic, a substance that reduces sensitivity to pain and discomfort. 

Since we are considering here the toxic effects of plastic materials on humans in their everyday life our main interest will he in the two exposure types mentioned above, which are the most common, namely, exposure via the respiratory tract (inhalation exposure) and exposnre by percutaneous absorption (through the skin) and perocular absorption (through the eyes). 

Common names are arbitrary names that are not based on the chemical composition of compounds. Before chemistry was systematized, a substance was given a name that generally associated it with one of its outstanding physical or chemical properties. For example, quicksilver is a common name for mercury, and nitrous oxide (N2O), used as an anesthetic in dentistry, has been called laughing gas because it induces laughter when inhaled. Water and ammonia are also common names because neither provides any information about the chemical composition of the compounds. If every substance were assigned a common name, the amount of memorization required to learn over 12 million names would be astronomical. 

Some people find the effects of solvents on the nervous system desirable and purposely inhale (sniff) solvents to induce a form of intoxication. In the United States approximately 15% of high school students have tried solvent inhalation at least once. Solvents suitable for inhalation and abuse are common in the home. Home products that may contain solvents include paints, paint remover, varnishes, adhesives, glues, degreasing and cleaning agents, dyes, printing ink, floor and shoe polishes, waxes, pesticides, drugs, cosmetics, and fuels, just to name a few (Table 11.1). 

Substituting a diird chlorine on the methane molecule results in the compound whose proper name is trichloromediane (tri- for three chloro- for chlorine and methane, the hydrocarbon s name for die one-carbon chain). It is more commonly known as chloroform. Its molecular formula is CHC13. Chlorofonn is a heavy, colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet taste and characteristic odor. It is classified as non-flammable, but it will bum if exposed to high temperatures for long periods of time. It is narcotic by inhalation and toxic in high concentrations. It is an insecticide and a fumigant and is very useful in the manufacture of refrigerants. 

Generic Name Common Trade Name(s) Systemic Topical Inhalation Ophthalmic Otic Nasal... 

Cocaine HCl is an alkaloid derived from the leaves of the South American coca plant. The free base alkaloid, made by extraction from cocaine HCl, is relatively insoluble in water, but dissolves in a variety of organic solvents. There has been a dramatic increase in the use of cocaine free base, which is most commonly known by its street name "crack". Since free base is not destroyed by heating, but rather vaporizes, it can be smoked and inhaled [129]. This provides speedy absorption from the respiratory tract inducing a short-lived but rapid euphoria. The free base is also well absorbed by nasal, vaginal, gastrointestinal and subhngual mucous membranes. Cocaine can be injected intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Crack is often combined with heroin or other drugs of abuse and taken intravenously [128]. Cocaine is detoxified by cholinesterases and cocaine or its metabolites may be present in the urine for one to two days after use. 

Cocaine as it is known today—in a synthesized form— was first isolated from the coca plant in 1855 by a German chemist named Albert Niemann. A paste is made from the leaves of the plant. Then this paste is heated with hydrochloric acid to produce cocaine hydrochloride. This is the most common form of cocaine the white powder that is separated into fine lines, a few inches long, and then inhaled into the nose. When it is found in powder form, its purity can be anywhere from zero to 90 percent pure. In the form known as crack or rock, it is generally 25 percent to 40 percent pure. 

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