Information sources toxicity

EMGRESP is a source-term and dispersion emergency response screening tool for calculating downwind contours with a minimum of user input and computational expense in the event of a release of a hazardous chemical. The program provides hazardous contaminant information, calculates toxic concentrations at various distances downwind of a release, and c" the... 

Table II. Information Sources from which to Derive Values of Acceptable Daily Doses (D s) of Toxic Pollutants for Human Beings (in Order of Priority)...

More recently, some reports have been picked from the Internet, when two of the three following conditions obtained the editor finds the report credible it represents a hazard not already present in the handbook or the source is authoritative. Information on toxic hazards has been specifically excluded because it is available elsewhere in many well-ordered and readily usable forms. 

Table 4-2 lists the facilities in each state that manufacture or process chloroform, the intended use, and the range of maximum amounts of chloroform that are stored on site. The data listed in Table 4-2 are derived from the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI93 1995). Only plants from 3 states (associated with the 4 plants noted above) actually generate chloroform as an end-product for sale or distribution. In most cases, chloroform is a chemical intermediary, impurity, or waste by-product at the 172 facilities included in the TRI survey. Only certain types of facilities were required to report therefore, this is not an exhaustive list. In some cases, facility names are not available or numeric values for amounts of chloroform produced, stored, transferred, or released are missing. This complicates making comparisons between the TRI listings and information from other information sources. 

Sources of Information. The toxic properties of the major E P were reviewed in several technical reports of the early 1970 s TNT (Refs 14 33), RDX/HMX (Ref 12), NC (Ref 14), NG (Ref 14), Tetranitromethane (Ref 18) and Methyl nitrate (Ref 18). Recent exptl studies cited below provide important additional data, especially on the chronic effects on laboratory animals... 

The biological effects of compounds, their responses, or y variables, can be assembled in one of two main ways measured directly by the investigators or collected from literature sources, hi the case of the latter it is important where possible to refer to the original literature. Transcription errors are surprisingly common and often propagate from paper to paper to review. Reviews, naturally, are a particularly attractive source of literature information since they can contain a lot of data in one handy source. Toxicity data sources and common errors encountered in literature data are discussed in detail in Chapter 2. 

INFORMATION SOURCES FOR SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTER-AIDED PREDICTION OF TOXICITY METHODS... 

Webster JK (1987) Toxic and Hazardous Materials A Sourcebook and Guide to Information Sources. Westport, CT Greenwood (ISBN 0-313245754). 

Toxicity would be expected from ingestion of pharmaceutical sources. Methylxanthines are not commonly used in animals. Limited information on toxicity exists. Tachyarrhythmias, hypotension, and seizures have been seen. 

TRI is the most detailed source of information about toxic chemical releases. TRI, however, seriously underreports the total toxic chemical releases for the following reasons ... 

Commanders in the local area shall make every attempt to obtain information about toxic industrial chemical facilities within their area of operation. Sources of information include the safety report and safety data sheets on the facility, international code marking on storage... 

Inventory and tracking of chemicals are primarily driven by Federal regulations, DOE requirements, and good business practices. Various site organizations utilize the chemical database as an information source for compilation of regulatory and DOE-required reports, for example, the EPCRA Tier II inventory, the Toxic Chemical Release inventory, the Ozone Depleting Substances inventory, the Air Emissions... 

The process starts with a database search to determine whether human health information, ecological toxicity data, or chemical data exist on the C R material of interest (Fig. 7). If data are unavailable, the user requests toxicity screening tests (algae and daphnia were the primary aquatic indicators used in this study). If the test results show no toxicity, no further investigation is required. If the screening tests results show toxicity, the user requests tests for evaluating the source strength and effects of reference environments on toxicity response, and chemistry. 

Evaluate quantitative information on toxicity. Consult the information sources to determine the LD50 for each chemical via the relevant routes of exposure. Determine the acute toxicity hazard level for each substance, classifying each chemical as highly toxic, moderately toxic, slightly toxic, and so forth. For substances that pose inhalation hazards, take note of the threshold limit value time-weighted average (TLV-TWA), short-term exposure limit (STEL), and permissible exposure limit (PEL) values. 

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