Organic utilization

PEP carboxylase occurs in yeast, bacteria, and higher plants, but not in animals. The enzyme is specifically inhibited by aspartate, which is produced by transamination of oxaloacetate. Thus, organisms utilizing this enzyme control aspartate production by regulation of PEP carboxylase. Malic enzyme is found in the cytosol or mitochondria of many animal and plant ceils and is an NADPIT-dependent enzyme. 

The organism utilized is a mutant of E. coli blocked in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids before the shikimate step. Cells are first grown in the presence of adenosine, a technique that temporarily derepresses the system of en-... 

Besides nitrogen fixation, the only other major source of reduced nitrogen is the decomposition of soil or aquatic organic matter. This process is called ammonification. Heterotrophic bacteria are principally responsible for this. These organisms utilize organic compounds from dead plant or animal matter as a carbon source, and leave behind NH3 and NHJ, which can then be recycled by the biosphere. In some instances heterotrophic bacteria may incorporate a complete organic molecule into their own biomass. The majority of the NH3 produced in this way stays within the biosphere however, a small portion of it will be volatilized. In addition to this source, the breakdown of animal excreta also contributes to atmospheric... 

Pharmacokinetics—The science of quantitatively predicting the fate (disposition) of an exogenous substance in an organism. Utilizing computational techniques, it provides the means of studying the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of chemicals by the body. 

As insects and certain other organisms utilize a,a-trehalose (a-D-glucopy-ranosyl a-D-glucopyranoside) as their storage carbohydrate, and rely on trehalase to release o-glucose, deoxyfluoro derivatives of trehalose may be... 

Active transport is of basic importance for life processes. For example, it consumes 30-40 per cent of the metabolic energy in the human body. The nervous system, which constitutes only 2 per cent of the weight of the organism, utilizes 20 per cent of the total amount of oxygen consumed in respiration to produce energy for active transport. 

FIGURE 27.13 Specific soluble organics utilization rate versus the limiting soluble organic concentration. 

First, let us consider some ways in which LIMS technology can contribute to the organization utilizing it. To better understand how mission impacts the benefits to be accrued through LIMS, we will consider analytical labs with different missions. 

The usable range for T. pyriformis is from 0.3-300 mug/ml. The organism utilizes pyridoxal, pyridoxamine pyridoxine, and pyridoxal-5-phosphate. Pyridoxamine + pyridoxal yielded the best growth approximately 120 times more pyridoxine is required to yield the same growth as pyridoxamine (Fig. 4). As with nicotinic acid and its amide, when these compounds are added together in the same concentration, the increment of growth is less than the sum of the individual increments. Upon an intramuscular load dose of 100 mg of pyridoxine, peak vitamin Bs levels are reached 2 hours after injection. The curves for 4 normal individuals are illustrated in Fig. 5. 

Primitive chemical discoveries included both effective crude mixtures of chemicals and also relatively pure compounds, as well as intact organisms utilized for their unique chemicals. Beyond using chemicals directly in this fashion, modern humans have... 

Y chromosomes.244 245 Apparently because of the differing ratios of X A in the two sexes, organisms utilize a variety of dosage compensation methods. In cells of human females only one X chromosome is active. 

Reddy G. V., Gupta B., Ray K. and Rodrigues V. (1997) Development of the Drosophila olfactory sense organs utilizes cell-cell interactions as well as lineage. Development 124, 703-712. 

---