Influence of anions

The influence of anion on K+ rate of adsorption, mobility, and retention were investigated by Sadusky and Sparks (1991) on two Atlantic coastal plain soils. They reported that the type of anion had little effect (if any) on the rate of K+ adsorption, but had an effect on the amount of K+ adsorbed. They found that K+ adsorbed in the presence of a particular accompanying anion was of the order Si03 P04 S04 Cl 

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Several years ago Makino et al. 86) studied the influence of anions on the conformation of poly-[L-methionine-S-methylsulfonium] salts in solution. They found that especially perchlorate will induce a-helix formation whereas Cl- and Br do not. Since then several authors 87 92) have found a similar a-helix inducing effect in the case of poly-L-lysine (Lys) and other BPAA at low pH-values where the polymer molecules usually attain an extended conformation due to the electrostatic repulsion of the ammonium groups. Therefore, the a-helix inducing effect is obviously an... 

The reaction between Co(III) and Ce(III) has been the subject of a detailed study in a series of papers by Sutcliffe and Weber . Of particular value is the thorough investigation of the influence of anions on the rate in perchlorate media. The reaction was followed by measuring the disappearance of Co(IIl) at its absorption maximum of 650 m/i, a wavelength where both oxidation states of cerium are transparent and Co(II) absorbs only slightly. Changes in temperature and ionic strength affect the spectrum of Ce(III) at the 296 m/i maximum, but the... 

Clarke RJ, Liipfert C (1999) Influence of anions and cations on the dipole potential of phosphatidylcholine vesicles a basis for the Hofmeister effect. Biophys J 76 2614-2624... 

R. Eugster, P.M. Gehrig, W.E. Morf, U.E. Spichiger, and W. Simon, Selectivity-modifying influence of anionic sites in neutral-carrier-based membrane electrodes. Anal. Chem. 63, 2285-2289 (1991). 

In crystalline SCO complexes the influence of anions, solvate molecules, H-bonding effects and other intermolecular interactions will also influence the nature of SCO and the cooperativity, as has been discussed above. 

The work reported here was designed to address the issue of adsorbate surface coverage in the effect on SERS of UPD Pb on Ag electrodes in aqueous chloride and bromide media using interfacial H20 species as the probe molecule. No studies have been reported on the effect of UPD layers on the SERS of interfacial solvent molecules previously. However, the solvent is an ideal choice for such studies, because it will always remain in intimate contact with the electrode surface. Moreover, the SERS of interfacial H20 has been characterized quite extensively in aqueous halide media (18-29) and allows the possible influence of anion on the response of the system to be assessed. 

A comparative smdy of great practical value has been carried out between several Ni-based diffusion barrier properties. Those were produced by means of electroless deposition from nickel sulfate and nickel sulfamate deposition solutions (73). It was concluded on the basis of Auger depth profiling (see Section 13.3) that Ni(P) sulfamate has much better diffusion barrier properties than Ni(P) sulfate. This conclusion is a telling example of the influence of anions on the physical properties of electro-chemically deposited metals. 

Manceau, A. Lanson, B. Schlegel, M.L. Harge, J.C. Musso, M. Eybert-Berard, L. Haze-marm, J.-L. Chateigner, D. Lamble, G.M. (2000) Quantitative Zn speciation in smelter-contaminated soils by EXAFS spectroscopy. Am. J. Sd. 300 289-343 Manceau, A. Nagy, K.L. Spadini, L. Ragnars-dottir, K.V. (2000 a) Influence of anionic layer structure of Fe-oxyhydroxides on the structure of Cd surface complexes. J. Colloid Interface Sd. 228 306-316... 

Calculations were then refined by introducing electrophilic assistance by or Li", solvation of H by water, and optimization of the angle of nucleophilic attack. These conections are introduced either separately or simultaneously. It is found that the stereochemical influence of anion solvation is negligible, compared with that of the other two factors. In all cases, the shapes of the curves are only slightly modified, as can be seen by comparing Fig. 5 and 6 with Fig. 3 and 4. 

The influence of anion adsorption on Zn U PD on Au(l 11) was further studied in the presence of halide ions [201]. The order of the adsorption strength of the anions on Zn UPD was found to be different from that of specific adsorption on a substrate Au electrode Cl04 < S04 < POr < Cl < Br < I . In phosphate solutions, chloride and bromide ions did not influence the Zn UPD, and iodide ions inhibited this process (see Fig. 5). 

Figure 1.2 The influence of anion on the density of ammonium ionic liquids with alkoxy and acetoxy cations and [Tf2N] anion at T = 298.15 K alkoxymethyl(2-hydroxye-thyl)-dimethyl cation (black) and (2-acetoxyethyl)alkoxymethyl-dimethyl cation (white). (Adapted from Pernak, Chwala, R, and Syguda, A., Polish. J. Chem., 78,539,2004.)...

Figure 1.8 The influence of anion on the solubility of imidazolium ILs in water [QCilm]Cl (O) and [C4CiIm][BF4] ( ). (Adapted from Domahska, U. and Bogel-Lukasik, E., Fluid Phase Equilib., 218, 123, 2004 Lin, H. et al.. Fluid Phase Equilib., 253, 130,2007.)...

Domariska, U. and Marciniak, A., Liquid phase behaviour of l-hexyloxy-3-methyl-imidazolium-based ionic liquids with hydrocarbons the influence of anion, /. Chem. Thermodyn., 31,57 2005. 

This chapter focuses primarily on the influence of anion-anion repulsion and on the anion bonding strength. The other factors are described briefly in Section 6.4 but are developed in more detail in later chapters. The special case of is discussed in Chapter 7 and effects that depend on details of the electronic structure of the cation are treated in Chapter 8. The influence of space and symmetry are discussed in Part III. For simplicity, unless otherwise stated, the discussion is confined to compounds in which the anion is oxygen or an oxyanion. Any conclusions will be applicable, mutatis mutandis, to other kinds of anion. 

A cationic gel that contracts under the influence of anions... 

The larger partition coefficient into lipids is because only the neutral form can efficiently partition into octanol. Ordered phospholipid bilayers can, however, take up both forms neutral and charged. The influence of anionic and cationic charge on the ability of amphiphilic drugs to partition and bind to DPPC liposomes was investigat-... 

The catalytic influence of metals of the ferrous subgroup on the process of carbon structuring in carbonised HC is established. The influence of anionic structure of introduced salts on the process of the HC thermal decomposition and following transformations in the system metal - carbonic rest are shown. The obtained results present both scientific and practical concern at creation of catalysts for obtaining of nanostructured carbon. 

Babak, A.A., Amadelli, R., De Battisti, A. and Fateev, V.N. (1994) Influence of anions on oxy-gen/ozone evolution on Pb02/spe and Pb02/Ti electrodes in neutral pH media. Electrochim. Acta 39, 1597-1602. 

Evangelou, V. P. 1986. The influence of anions on potassium quantity-intensity relationships. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50 1182-1188. 

Hybrid silica materials were prepared via a sol-gel pathway at pH 9. The influence of anionic surfactant (SDS) was studied by comparing templated materials (TbSn series) with hybrid materials obtained without surfactant (Tbn series). Two mechanisms of mesostructure formation can be considered as represented on Fig. 2. The pka of aminopropyl chain is about 10.6 in the reaction mixture propyl-amines are partially protonated. Electrostatic interactions between dodecylsulfate anion and NH and sodium cation neutralization may then occur, resulting in the condensation of the silica structure around surfactant micelles and aminopropyl groups at the surface of the pores. The other mechanism is SDS chains complex-ation by P-CD cavity, which wonld result in P-CD gronps located at the surface of the pores and aminopropyl less accessible, due to steric hindrance caused by P-CD bulky groups. A complete characterization of the prodncts and adsorption capacities will help nnderstanding the formation mechanism of mesoporons hybrid silica. 

ESR measurements have been performed on three (ET) Re04 phases (97)y but x(T) is not known on an absolute scale. The results are shown in Fig. 22. The 2 1 salt has features similar to (TMTSF)2Re04 it has a constant susceptibility in the metallic regime and an abrupt transition to a very low value below Tm. The 3 2 salt has a %(T) similar to what one expects from a Peierls transition without influence of anion ordering, i.e., somewhat similar to TTF-TCNQ if scaled to the present Tw. Finally, the 2 1 salt has a rather featureless susceptibility with a... 

The influence of anion solvation on equilibrium (13) can be derived from the energy cycle [Eq. (14)] which shows the relationship between the... 

It should be pointed out that the influence of anion solvation on equilibrium (13) cannot be explained by use of the Born-Bjerrum equations [Eqs. (1) and (2)]. Use of Eq. (2) generally gives negative AG values for the overall free-energy contribution to equilibrium (13) due to anion solvation. This means that formation of [CoCl4] should be particularly favorable in solvents with high dielectric constants such as water in contrast to the experimental results. 

Wagner-Jauregg T, Hackler BE Jr., Lies TA, Owens OO, Proper R (1955) The influence of anions on the hydrolytic properties of some Cu(II) amine complexes. J Am Chem Soc 77 922-926... 

There are only a few systematic studies of the influence of anions on the propagation rate constant of macroion pairs In the polymerization of THF... 

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