Inflammation animal models

Key Words Atherosclerosis chemokine chemokine receptor inflammation animal model CCR2 MCP-1 CX3CR1 fractalkine. 

Colon inflammation 1. AEA levels are elevated in the colon of DNBS-treated mice and in the colon submucosa of TNBS-treated rats, two animal models of inflammatory bowel diseases, and in the biopsies of patients with ulcerative colitis, to control inflammation 1. Inhibitors of degradation (both FAAH and cellular re-uptake)... 

They act as analgesics by inhibiting release of nociceptive neurotransmitters from primary afferent terminals as well as by depressing post-synaptic potentials on second order neurons. Opioid receptors are also present on some nociceptors and their expression and peripheral transport is increased upon peripheral inflammation. Peripheral opioid analgesia has been established in animal models. Although clinical studies have yielded mixed results so far, this field holds great promise. Despite side effects, such as euphoria, dysphoria, sedation, respiratory depression and obstipation and tolerance and dependence phenomena which arise upon... 

Polansky, J. and Weinreb, B. (1984). Anti-inflammatory agents steroids as anti-inflammatory agpnts. In Pharmacology of the Eye (ed. M.L. Sears) pp. 459-538. Springer Verl, Berlin. Rao, N., Romero, J., Fernandez, M. and Marak, G.E. (1986). Effect of iron chelation on severity of occular inflammation in an animal model. Arch. Ophthalmol. 104, 1369-1371. 

Animal models In rat acetic acid colitis the severity of inflammation can be decreased by methoxypolyethyleneglycohSOD, catalase, allopurinol and SAZ (Keshavarzian et al., 1990 Haydek et al.,... 

There is now little doubt that ROMs are produced in excess in patients with aaive IBD. That, at least in experimental colitis, they are rather more than irrelevant epiphenomena is indicated by the anti-inflammatory effect of specific antioxidants. Proof that this is also the case in human disease awaits the outcome of further controlled trials of specific agents interfering with ROM production. Whilst induction of NO production has been shown to occur in association with inflammation and tissue damage in both humans and in animal models, the significance of this is as yet unclear. 

Keshavarzian, A., Doria, M.I., Sedghi, S., Kanofeky, J.R., Hecht, D., Holmes, E.W., Ibrahim, C., List, T., Urban, G., Gaginella, T. and Fields, J.Z. (1992a). Mitomycin C-induced colitis in rats a new animal model of acute colonic inflammation implicating reactive oxygen metabolites. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 120, 778-791. 

Alcantara C, Stenson WF, Steiner TS, Guerrant RL Role of inducible cyclooxygenase and prostaglandins in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced secretion and inflammation in an animal model. J Infect Dis 2001 184 648-652. 

Recent experimental data, coming particularly from animal models of IBD, are consistent with the hypothesis that gut flora and bacterial products are implicated in the initiation and/or perpetuation of chronic intestinal inflammation. Purified bacterial products can initiate and perpetuate experimental colitis [1,2]. 

Free radicals are supposed to have a significant role in the progression of acute pancreatitis. The involvement of free radicals was firstly demonstrated in many animal models [355,356], Later on, it has been shown that the levels of superoxide and lipid peroxides increased in the blood from patients with acute pancreatitis [357], Rahman et al. [358] found enhanced urinary nitrite excretion in patients with severe acute pacreatitis. It was suggested that this fact is not simply a reflection of systemic inflammation but probably a consequence of the endotoxin-mediated upregulation of inducible NO synthase. 

A number of animal diseases caused by viruses involve primary demyelination and often are associated with inflammation. These diseases are studied as animal models, which may provide clues about how a viral infection could lead to immune-mediated demyelination in humans [1, 5, 6]. Canine distemper virus causes a demyelinating disease, and the lesions in dog brain show a strong inflammatory response with some similarities to acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in man [ 1 ]. Visna is a slowly progressive demyelinating disease of sheep caused by a retrovirus [ 1 ]. 

Animal models have established that infections can induce autoimmune disease. For example, coxsackievirus B3 infection of susceptible strains of mice results in inflammation in the heart that resembles the myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy that occurs in humans.28 44 The same disease can be induced by injecting mice with cardiac myosin mixed with adjuvant, thereby reproducing the disease in the absence of virus infection, indicating that an active viral infection is not necessary for the development of autoimmune disease.9 29 44 Likewise, a number of autoimmune diseases can be... 

ARRY-438162 was found to be efficacious in a number of animal models of inflammation. For example, in a collagen-induced arthritis model in rats, oral administration of ARRY-438162 at lOmg/kg q.d. significantly inhibited paw swelling which was accompanied by inhibition of cartilage damage in the joint and >80% inhibition of pERK in the tissue from the foot with induced arthritis. 

SP-600125 was one of the first JNK inhibitors to be reported with potent JNK 1, 2 and 3 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 40,40 and 90 nM, respectively) [37], This tool compound has been studied extensively in a variety of cellular and animal models of inflammation and neuroprotection, among others. The profile of SP-600125 has been discussed in a number of reviews [6,28,29] and will not be discussed here. 

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