Infants definitions

From the practical viewpoint it is important to be able to distinguish infants and children with this condition from less benign disorders such as the spinal muscular atrophies. Careful histochemical assessment of muscle biopsies with histographic analysis is recommended. Most biopsies from CFTD patients show type 1 fibers which are small in relation to type 2 fibers. A revised definition of CFTD states that... 

Whether LSD causes dysmorphogenesis is also difficult to evaluate. A third case of multiple ocular abnormalities was reported in a premature infant of a mother who had used LSD sporadically, as well as other drugs, such as cocaine and heroin. No definite cause-effect relationship could be drawn (14). 

The question of how much thiamine human beings need has been subjected to a great deal of study, and the literature on the subject will not be reviewed here. Most of the investigation has been based upon the assumption that "normal man" has a requirement at the adult level which is subject to relatively small variation and that "the normal infant" has likewise a fairly definite requirement. If this assumption is valid, it is easy to see that, when three or a half-dozen individuals have been found to give reasonably concordant results, an investigator may be satisfied that he has found the answer. 

HIV virologic testing not available bnt infant HIV seropositive or bom to known HIV-infected mother (Note HIV antibody test mnst be repeated at age 18 months to obtain definitive diagnosis of HIV infection)... 

Early deliveries (see definitions in Note 6) Infants are euthanized and processed according to protocol in the same way as fetuses. 

Infants with salt-losing crisis and adrenal insufficiency in infancy may have adrenal hypoplasia congenita. This can be of two types recessive, for which the cause has not been defined and which affects mostly the fetal zone, and X-linked, which is caused by mutations in the DAX-1 gene, which (with steroidogenic factor-1) controls definitive zone development and steroidogenesis [71]. GC-MS analysis of patients with the disorder show variant patterns from absence of neonatal A5 steroids, appropriate for the recessive form [81], to extremely low cortisol production and transient 11/Lhy-droxylase deficiency, as evidenced through increased THS excretion (Malunowicz, personal communication). 

Malunowicz EM, Mitkowska Z, Bal K, Nizankowska-Blaz T, Moszczynska E, Iwanicka Z, Romer (1997) Definitive diagnosis of enzymatic deficiencies of steroidogenesis in at-risk newborns and infants by urinary marker analysis using GC/MS-SIM. Horm Res 48 243-251... 

Definition and causes of jaundice Jaundice (icterus) refers to the yellow color of the skin, nail beds, and sclerae caused by deposition of bilirubin, secondary to increased bilirubin levels in the blood. There are three major forms of jaundice hemolytic jaundice, caused by massive lysis of red blood cells, releasing more heme than can be handled by the reticuloendothelial system obstructive jaundice, resulting from obstruction of the bile duct and hepatocellular jaundice, caused by damage to liver cells that decreases the liver s ability to take up and conjugate bilirubin. In addition, neonatal jaundice is caused by the low activity of hepatic glucuronylation of bilirubin, especially in premature infants. 

Sodium, potassium, and chloride are electrolytes found in cow s milk for which the Food and Nutrition Board has estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes for infants, children and adolescents, and adults (NAS 1980A). Sodium functions in the body to maintain blood volume and cellular osmotic pressure and to transmit nerve impulses (NAS 1980A). The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake of sodium is 1100-3300 mg (2.8-8.4 g sodium chloride) for healthy adults (NAS 1980A). The American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs (1979), suggested 4800 mg sodium per day as a tentative definition of moderation in sodium intake. 

When air is exhaled the small alveoli of the lungs could collapse if it were not for the surface active material (surfactant) present in the fluid that coats the lungs. e In fact, the lack of adequate surfactant is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome, a major cause of death among premature infants and a disease that may develop in acute form in adults. The surfactant material forms a thin film of high fluidity at the air-liquid interface and lowers the surface tension from the 72 mN/m of pure water to <10 mN/mfs (Pay attention to the definition of surface tension.11)... 

Given that children, by definition, are in a state of continual growth and development, methodologies for the assessment of child health should be responsive to all organ systems. Prospective studies are particularly relevant, since they permit the capture of time-varying exposures and other relevant covariates for children s health. The short interval between many exposures and outcomes (e.g. in utero exposures and infant birth size) further supports the use of prospective studies. 

Several papers have already linked these discoveries with foods. In the first, CML was found in rat urine, with excretion rates of 4-19%.411 The excretion of CML was definitely related to the intake of CML, rather than to the intake of fructoselysine or lysinoalanine, although adding fructoselysine free of CML did increase the CML excreted, so fructoselysine must be being metabolised to CML or converted into it in the diet before consumption. CML had previously been found in the urine, in quite a high proportion, of premature infants and of hospitalised youngsters, without a clear indication as to its source.413... 

The vitamin A content of foods is often given in terms of the international unit (IU). One IU of vitamin A is defined as 0.3 tg of all-trans-retinol. The term retinol equivalent (RE) is used to convert all sources of vitamin A and carotenoids in the diet to a single unit. One RE is by definition 1 pg of all-trans retinol, 12 pg of P-carotene, or 24 pg of other (mixed) provitamin A carotenoids. The recommended dietary allowance for vitamin A ranges from 375 pg RE/day for infants to 1,000 RE/day for adults. 

First-trimester exposure appears to confer a small but definite increased risk (from a baseline of 0.06% up to 0.7%) of oral cleft in infants (27). However, second-generation effects are infrequent and usually reversible (28), although some doubt remains about the extent of developmental delay in children who have been exposed in utero (27). A review has emphasized that concerns about second-generation effects are mainly theoretical, and has concluded that some agents (for example chlor-diazepoxide) are probably safe during pregnancy and lactation and that others (for example alprazolam) are best avoided (29). 

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