Chlor diazepoxide

The coulometric method was also applied to the determination of the number of electrons involved in the two-step polarographic reduction of chlor-diazepoxide [18]. The reduction of a 2.5 x 10 5 M solution of the compound in 0.1 N H2S04 yielded n values of 1.97 and 4.06, respectively, at a mercury pool cathode employing working electrode potentials of -0.45 V and -0.90 V vs. Ag/AgCl wire reference electrode. 

The drugs in Schedule IV have a relatively low abuse potential and risk for psychological or physical dependence relative to those listed in Schedule in and include such drugs as barbital, phenobarbital, methylphe-nobarbital, chloral betaine (Beta Chlor), chloral hydrate, ethchlorvynol (Placidyl), ethinamate (Valmid), meprobamate (Equanil, Miltown), paraldehyde, methohexital, fenfluramine, diethyipropion, phentermine, chlor-diazepoxide (Librium), diazepam (Valium), oxazepam (Serax), clorazepate (Tranxene), flurazepam (Dalmane), clonazepam (Clonopin), prazepam (Verstran), lorazepam (Ativan), mebutamate, and dextropropoxyphene (Dar-von). 

A. G. Butterfield, F. F. Matsui, S. J. Smith, and R. W. Sears, High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of chlor-diazepoxide and major related impurities in pharmaceuticals, J. Pharm. Sci., 66 684 (1977). 

Benzodiazepines are a series of compounds that have a benzene ring fused to a seven-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms. The two most successful members of the group are diazepam (Valium ) and chlor-diazepoxide (Librium ) Flurazepam (Dalmane ) is a hypnotic. 

Hekimian, L. J. Friedhoff, A. J. 1967, A controlled study of placebo, chlor-diazepoxide and chlorpromazine with thirty male schizophrenic patients, Dis.Nerv.Syst., vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 675-678. 

With their trade names and half-lives in parentheses (the units are hours), current BZs include the following alprazolam (Xanax, 6-20), chlor-diazepoxide (Librium, 30-100), clonazepam (Klonopin, 18-50), cloraz-epate (Tranxene, 30-100 or 200), diazepam (Valium, 30-100), estazolam (ProSom, 10-24), flurazepam (Dalmane, 50-160), lorazepam (Ativan, 10-20), midazolam (Versed, 2-3), oxazepam (Serax, 3-21), prazepam (Centrax, 30-100), quazepam (Doral, 50-160), temazepam (Restoril, 8-20), and triazolam (Halcion, 1.5-5).1 The appendix contains a more complete list. 

Ator NA, Griffiths RR (1989) Differential generalization to pentobarbital in rats trained to discriminate lorazepam, chlor-diazepoxide, diazepam and triazolam. Psychopharmacology 98 20-30... 

Meert and Janssen (1989), Meert et al. (1990) showed differences between ritanserin and chlor-diazepoxide in drug discrimination procedures. 

First-trimester exposure appears to confer a small but definite increased risk (from a baseline of 0.06% up to 0.7%) of oral cleft in infants (27). However, second-generation effects are infrequent and usually reversible (28), although some doubt remains about the extent of developmental delay in children who have been exposed in utero (27). A review has emphasized that concerns about second-generation effects are mainly theoretical, and has concluded that some agents (for example chlor-diazepoxide) are probably safe during pregnancy and lactation and that others (for example alprazolam) are best avoided (29). 

The 1,4-benzodiazepines have recently been the subject of an excellent exhaustive review204 and this section will be concerned only with the work reported since that review. The major impedus for the wealth of work in this area has been the tranquilizer drug chlor-diazepoxide (191). 

A thermal gravimetric analysis performed on chlor-diazepoxide exhibited no loss of weight when heated to 105°C. ... 

Another consideration in the choice of benzodiazepine is their potential for abuse. Individuals with addictive disorders prefer certain agents to others. Agents with rapid onset of action, such as diazepam or alprazolam, demonstrate higher abuse potential because of their reinforcing effects. Those with slower onset of action, such as chlor-diazepoxide, oxazepam, and halazepam, are less likely to be abused. This consideration may be relevant in an outpatient setting or for patients with a history of benzodiazepine or other substance abuse. ... 

Benzodiazepines (Bzs) are an important class of pharmaceutical product used for their anticonvulsant, hypnotic, tranquilizing, and muscle relaxant properties. The most frequently used are diazepam, nitrazepam, and chlor-diazepoxide. It is necessary to determine their quantity in urine, the metabolites as well as the quantities and nature of these drugs. Because the concentration of these drugs and metabolites in urine is low, the ELISA technique140 is recommended for their assay. The technique assures good selectivity, sensitivity, and a low detection limit (0.3 pg/ml). The reliability of the analytical information as well as the rapidity of the analysis make the ELISA technique suitable for automation. It is simple and quick to use in the laboratory as a routine analytical technique. 

Benzodiazepines A class of drugs that is most commonly used both for anxiety (nervousness) and as a sedative (generally used to treat sleep problems). When used in the treatment of anxiety, many counselors warn that the medication may create a type of euphoria or false sense of progress that can impede improvement. It is always a good idea to ask the client to contract for services prior to starting this class of medications. Benzodiazepine medications are used to decrease anxiety, panic and night terrors for example Ativan (lorazepam), Clonopin (clonazepam). Librium (chlor-diazepoxide). Valium (diazepam), and Xanax (alprazolam). The benzodiazepine that is generally used to treat sleep problems is Dalmane (flurazepam). 

The intensive synthetic and screening efforts that followed the discovery of chlor-diazepoxide resulted in many thousands of 1,4-benzo and heterodiazepinone compounds being evaluated (over 4000 at Hoffman-LaRoche alone). 

Tranquilizers have minimal effect preventing and treating ulcers. However, they reduce vagal stimulation and decrease anxiety. Librax is a commonly prescribed tranquilizer to treat GERD. Librax is a combination of the anxiolytic chlor-diazepoxide (Librium) and the anticholineratic clidinium (Quarzan) and is used in the treatment of ulcers. 

To which client would the nurse expect the health-care provider to prescribe chlor-diazepoxide (Librium), a benzodiazepine ... 

In women, oxazepam has been found to be eliminated at a slower rate, about (10%), and for temazepam about (25%) (Diroll et al, 1981). Chlor-diazepoxide was also found to be less bound to protein and this was even further reduced if women were also on estrogen oral contraceptives (Roberts et al, 1979). Free lignocaine levels in women were 11% higher in estrogen oral contraceptive users and 85% of this effect was due to the reduction of the orosomucoid protein fraction (Routledge et al, 1981). 

Diazepines are determined polarographi-cally via their azomethine groups. In addition to flurazepam, further representatives of this class of pharmaceutically active agents can be determined polarographically. These include diazepam, chlor-diazepoxide, bromazepam, lorazepam, and chlo-... 

Rearrangement reactions of 1,4-benzodiazepines are numerous and have been the subject of a review. A novel rearrangement of the chlor-diazepoxide analogue (217) is now reported whereby reaction is induced by dimsyl-lithium. The products vary depending upon whether the reaction is quenched by water or dimethyl sulphate, see Scheme 4, but all may be accounted for in terms of intermediate (218). 

A recent paper reports a chlordia-zepoxide withdrawal syndrome in twins born to a mother who had been taking chlor-diazepoxide 30 mg daily for 5 years (5 ). 

Greenblatt, D. J., Shader, R. I., Harmatz, J. S., Franke K. and Koch-Weser, J. (1976) Intluence of a magnesium and hydroxide mixture on chlor-diazepoxide absorption. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 19, 234. 

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