Waters, aromatic

A carboxylate derivative of a fully aromatic, water-soluble, hyperbranched polyphenylene is considered as a unimolecular micelle due to its ability to complex and solubilize non-polar guest molecules [23]. The carboxylic acid derivative of hyperbranched polyphenylene polymer (HBP) (My,=5750-7077, Mn=3810-3910) consists of 40-60 phenyl units that branch outward from a central point forming a roughly spherical molecule with carboxylates on the outer surface. The free acid form of HBP was suspended in distilled water and dissolved by adding a minimum quantity of NaOH. The solution was adjusted to pH 6.2 with aqueous HCl. Calcium carbonate crystals were growth from supersaturated calcium hydrogencarbonate solution at room temperature. HBP gave... 

Unlike methane and the other alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons have absorptions in the UV part of the spectrum, and thus may be detected through UV spectrometry using silica fibers. This scheme is useful for "aromatic" water pollutants such as toluenes and xylenes with their absorption bands between 250 and 300 nm. Similarly, nitrate anion can be monitored (albeit with low sensitivity) in water via its UV absorption at 250 nm. 

The interaction parameters for binary systems containing water with methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-octane, and benzene have been determined using data from the literature. The phase behavior of the paraffin - water systems can be represented very well using the modified procedure. However, the aromatic - water system can not be correlated satisfactorily. Possibly a differetn type of mixing rule will be required for the aromatic - water systems, although this has not as yet been explored. 

Juices extracts (liquorize), spirits (orange, lemon), syrups (black currant), tinctures (ginger), and aromatic waters Mineral pigments (iron oxides), natural colorants, anthocyanins, carotenoids, chlorophylls riboflavine, red beetroot extract, and caramel synthetic organic dyes azo compounds... 

G) Some aromatic, water-insol, nitrocompds such... 

Simple steam distillation under vacuum (Forss and Holloway, 1967 Joulain, 1986) may be used with the same goal to avoid thermal artifacts. The distillates (i.e., aromatic water phase) are further extracted by using the appropriate organic solvent. Solvents are then dried, concentrated, and injected onto a GC column. 

Acetic or ethanoic acid (an aliphatic acid). Found in vinegar and some aromatic waters. 

Nonsolids Typical liquid-based oral dosage forms are elixirs, emulsions, extracts, fluid extracts, solutions, gels, syrups, spirits, tinctures, aromatic waters, and suspen-... 

The Oishi-Prausnitz modification, UNIFAC-FV, is currently the most accurate method available to predict solvent activities in polymers. Required for the Oishi-Prausnitz method are the densities of the pure solvent and pure polymer at the temperature of the mixture and the structure of the solvent and polymer. Molecules that can be constructed from the groups available in the UNIFAC method can be treated. At the present, groups are available to construct alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, water, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, ethers, amines, carboxylic acids, chlorinated compounds, brominated compounds, and a few other groups for specific molecules. However, the Oishi-Prausnitz method has been tested only for the simplest of these structures, and these groups should be used with care. The procedure is described in more detail in Procedure 3C of this Handbook. 

Waters, aromatic Saturated solutions usually of volatile oils or similar substances in distilled water. Aromatic waters such as rose water were used in antiquity. Distilled waters containing volatile oils reached their therapeutic peak in the early sixteenth century. Although their therapeutic use declined in modern times, they continued to be used as flavorings. Hamamelis water (witch hazel) has lingered on as an aftershave and astringent. ... 

Richtmann, W.O. Bibliography of Aromatic Waters Chronologic, 1809 to 1900, Milwaukee, 1902. 

Intermediate solutions Pharmaceutical solutions are used as intermediates for manufacturing other preparations. Aromatic water is used as a flavoring agent and peppermint and anise waters have some carminative properties. These are manufactured as concentrated waters and are diluted before use. Infusions are prepared by extracting the drug using 25% alcohol without heat. Extracts are similar to infusions, but are... 

Aromatic water Aqueous solutions of aromatic or volatile substances... 

The advantage of steam distillation over other methods of volatile oil extraction lies principally in its wide applicability and speed of operation. Most plants or plant parts, with the exception of the flowers in some few cases, may be extracted most readily and most expeditiously and with a minimum amount of labor by the steam distillation method. The simplicity of the operation is obvious. The removal of the oil is much more complete than by any other process. Furthermore, there is produced as a by-product during the distillation an aqueous distillate which is completely saturated with the oil. The aqueous distillate may in many instances be utilized and sold as an aromatic water of commerce, especially in such cases as lavender, orange flowers, rose, etc. The aromatic waters possess excellent odors, largely because of the extreme dilution of the odorous compounds held in solution, and are useful in the perfumery and toilet-preparation industries. When the aqueous distillate from the plant has no marketable value, it may be profitably collected and returned to the boiler. In case of a further distillation of the same plant it will materially add to the yield of oil, since the distillate is a saturated solution of the oil. Many oils are extremely soluble in water. Distillates from oils of this class usually augment considerably the yield of oil when returned to the boiler and transformed into steam and oil vapors. 

Another extremely useful method for cac determination, especially in the light of high sensitivity, is fluorescence emission spectroscopy [15]. Some aromatic water-insoluble dyes that are present in trace amounts in mixed polyelectrolyte-surfactant solutions have an ability to solubilize within the self-assembled surfactant aggregates and to change their photophysical properties because of the change of environmental polarity. Through this, they offer a very sensitive method for the determination of cac values. A typical and lately frequently used compound is pyrene, which is used as a fluorescence probe to assess various micellar properties. Pyrene exhibits a polarity dependent fluorescence spectrum with the ratio /,//3 (the ratio of the intensity... 

Etiiylene Vinyl acetate Urea- Polyediylene Polyvinyl acetate Resin Ediylene Alcohol, ester, or aromatic Water Peroxy genic Peroxygenic compound 500-2,000 atm 210-480 Precipitation ... 

Unlike commercial surfactants, natural surfactants represent a class of components rather that a pure substance. Natural surfactants have different compositions and properties from one crude to an other. The nature of the asphaltenes is probably as important as the concentration of these surface-active agent when it comes to hydrate transportability, and oflier factors such as resins, waxes, aromatics, water quality, etc., have to be assessed in order to have a complete understanding of the transportability. An enhanced hydrate transportability of a crude as a result of increasing the amount of natural surfactants was demonstrated for several systems. In all cases it seems likely that the hydrate-slurry transportability is limited to 30% water cut. 

Features Thermosetting high performance inc. chem. and solv. resist. Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.105,175.300,176.170,176.180,177.1210 Properties Gardner 7 max. sol n. sol. in alcohols, ketones, glycol ethers partly sol. in aromatics, water insol. in aliphatics sp.gr. 1.06 vise. 700-1000 cP 52-56% solids BKS-2900 [Georgia-Pacific Resins]... 

The roots of distillation methods are attributed to Arabian Alchemists centuries with Avicenna (980-1037) describing the process of steam distillation, who is credited with inventing a coiled cooling pipe to prepare essential oils and aromatic waters. The rst description of distilling essen tial oils is generally attributed to the Spanish physician Arnaldus de Villa Nova (1235-1311) in the thirteenth century. However, in 1975, a perfectly preserved terracotta apparatus was found in the Indus Valley, which is dated to about 3000 BC and which is now displayed in a museum in Taxila, Pakistan. It looks like a primitive still and was presumable used to prepare aromatic waters. Further ndings indicate that distillation has also been practiced in ancient Turkey, Persia, and India as far back as 3000 BC. 

Various recipes were used for preparing aromatic waters, oils, and perfumes. Some of these were for perfumes and some undoubtedly for alcoholic beverages, as one of the major ingredients for many concoctions was a bottle or two of wine, which when distilled produced a very alcoholic brew. 

Aromatic waters or hydrosols are aqueous distillates free of floating essential oil. They are obtained during distillation of essential oils and consist of the clear aqueous part of the distillate after the removal of essential oil. Aromatic waters such as rosewater can be used for culinary and cosmetics purposes and are sprinkled in religious ceremonies. In Turkey, oregano water is internally consumed as a popular drink to regulate the astrointestinal system and for indigestion, heartburn, stomachache, colics, and cancer as well as to reduce blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure. Carvacrol has been shown to be responsible for the claimed effects (19,44,45). 

The aromatic ring then functions as a nucleophile and attacks the nitronium ion to give an intermediate sigma complex, which then loses a proton to restore aromaticity. Water is the likely base for the final deprotonation step, since water is present in large quantities (and there are no strong bases present in strongly acidic conditions). 

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