Inductor properties

In the majority of cases both the primary and the induced reactions are oxidation-reduction reactions. In such reactions the actor can have either reducing or oxidizing properties. The chemical characteristics of the inductor and acceptor are always identical and opposite to that of the actor. When the latter is a reducing agent the acceptor and inductor are oxidants and vice versa. 

Resonant cavities are well-known, highly sensitive devices that have been used to make measurements of fundamental properties of matter in all its phases (Hong, 1974). A resonant cavity can be considered to be multiple inductor capacitor resistance... 

EIS data is generally interpreted based on defining an appropriate equivalent circuit model that best fits the acquired data. The elements of the circuit model involve a specific arrangement of resistors, capacitors, and inductors that tacitly represent the physicochemical reality of the device under test. Under these circumstances the numerical value for chemical properties of the system can be extracted by fitting the data to the equivalent circuit model. Impedance measurements are typically described by one of two models ... 

Co,Fe)-Al-0 granular films were used in preparing the core (dimension of 2 mm x 2 fim x 300 fim) of a high-frequency spiral shaped inductor. The best properties were obtained with (Coo.92Feo.o8) Al-0/Si02 multilayers, which have magnetostriction almost... 

There are two ferrite material properties which were not discussed in Section 9.3.1 but which are important in the inductor context they are the temperature and time stabilities of the permeability which, of course, determine the stability of the inductance. The temperature coefficient of permeability must be low, and this has been achieved for certain MnZn ferrite formulations as indicated in Fig. 9.18. A small residual temperature coefficient of inductance can be compensated by a suitable coefficient of opposite sign in the capacitance of the resonant combination. 

Passive filter A kind of usually simple filters composed of elements such as resistors (R), capacitors (C), and inductors (L) that do not depend upon an external power supply. There are different passive filters such as the so-called RC, RL, LC, and RLC varieties. Inductors block high-frequency signals and conduct low-frequency signals, while capacitors do the reverse. Resistors have no frequency-selective properties, but are added to inductors and capacitors to determine the time-constant of the circuit. 

For example, a real inductor has the basic property of inductance L, but it also has a certain non-zero dc resistance ( DCR ) term, mainly associated with the copper windings used. Similarly, any real capacitor has a capacitance C, but it also has a small equivalent series resistance ( ESR ). Each of these terms produces ohmic losses — that can all add up and become fairly significant. 

The principle of duality concerns the transformation between two apparently different circuits, which have similar properties when current and voltage are interchanged. Duality transformations are applicable to planar circuits only, and involve a topological conversion capacitor and inductor interchange, resistance and conductance interchange, and voltage source and current source interchange. 

The above two observations make the buck-boost topology the only pure flyback topology around, in the sense that all the energy transferred from the input to the output, must have been previously stored in the inductor. No other topology shares this unique property. 

We see that the fundamental properties and behavior of an inductor, as described in Chapter 1, are ultimately responsible for the significant V-I overlap during crossover. 

To minimize this troublesome process, the concentration of the intermediate has to be kept as low as possible by means of catalytic tautomer-ization of the dienol. To make the chiral discrimination as great as possible, a strong interaction between the prochiral intermediate and the chiral environment is needed. When the chiral inductor is introduced into the starting molecule itself, diastereoselective photodeconjugations can be observed. If an external chiral inductor is used, enantioselective protonations are obtained. This approach, which may be catalytic if the chiral auxiliary is not consumed in the process, can take advantage of the acidic property of enols [27] and of the possibility of an acid- or base-catalyzed tautomer-ization of enols [28]. 

Moreover, enantioselective reduction of o-cresol derivatives (trimethylsilyl ether of o-cresol and 2-methylanisole) was performed with a chiral amine (dioctylcyclo-hexylethylamine) which combines the properties of a phase transfer agent and a chiral inductor. Enantiomeric excesses of 6% and 3%, respectively, were obtained for the two substrates under 50 bar H2 at room temperature. 

The problem when trying to make an electrical model of the physical or chemical processes in tissue is often that it is not possible to mimic the electrical behavior with ordinary lumped, physically realisable components such as resistors (R), capacitors (C), inductors, semiconductor components, and batteries. Let us mention three examples 1) The constant phase element (CPE), not realizable with a finite number of ideal resistors and capacitors. 2) The double layer in the electrolyte in contact with a metal surface. Such a layer has capacitive properties, but perhaps with a capacitance that is voltage or frequency dependent. 3) Diffusion-controlled processes (see Section 2.4). Distributed components such as a CPE can be considered composed of an infinite number of lumped components, even if the mathematical expression for a CPE is simple. 

The terms used above for the substances that are actually considered as vitamins are trivial names, mostly group names, used for more than one derivative of a compound with similar biological activity. The function of vitamins in cell metabolism is just as varied as their chemical constitution. By virtue of their lipid solubility, fat-soluble vitamins generally affect physicochemical properties in various cell membranes. Furthermore, they act at the gene level as inductors of protein biosynthesis and as redox agents. The water-soluble vitamins act in many ways as coenzymes and thus enable the catalytic function of hundreds of enzymes. 

A system may contain energy when it possesses the ability to store it, as already stated. This ability takes the form of two constitutive properties, one for each subvariety of energy inductance for the inductive subvariety, and capacitance for the capacitive one. These names are borrowed from electrodynamics and generalized to all energy varieties. So, there is a translational mechanical inductance (inertial mass), a rotational mechanical inductance (inertia), a hydrodynamical capacitance (compressibility integrated over the volume), a thermal capacitance (which depends on the specific heat), and so on. In electrodynamics, inductance and capacitance feature components called inductor (or self-inductance) and capacitor, respectively. Electric inductance relates current to the quantity of induction (induction flux) and electric capacitance relates potential to charge. 

The association of an inductor with a capacitor allows the two snbvarieties of electrodynamical energy, inductive (electromagnetic) and capacitive (electric or electrostatic), to be stored in the same system. The two system constitutive properties, inductance and capacitance, are the supports for the storage of energy and they link the state variables according to the following relations ... 

In Fig. 1.20 the positive mechanical reactances are symbolized by inductors and negative mechanical reactances are symbolized by capacitors as would be true in the analogous electrical situation. The constant applied force generator is symbolized as a voltage source. Also in Fig. 1.20, Rr is identified as PocSRi 2o>a/c), whereas Kh is identified as poc S /Vq and M, as pocSXi )/o>. Unlike the common electrical situation, however, those elements that stem from radiation phenomena, such as R and M, are themselves frequency dependent. This complication will be dealt with after the model has been more fuUy developed. The circuit of Fig. 1.20, though useful, can only be an intermediate result as it does not involve any of the purely electrical properties of the loudspeaker such as the voice coil resistance or self-inductance. In addition, whenever the voice coil is in motion it has induced in it a back electromotive force (emf) of size Blu that opposes the current in the voice coil. This situation is represented schematically in Fig. 1.21. 

Inductance is, primarily, a geometrical property of a current-carrying element in an electrical circuit. A circuit element with this property may be termed an inductor. The magnitude and, for that matter, the frequency dependence of inductance, also depend on the material environment of that element. Similar... 

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