Constitutive properties

ADifferential/integral. Because of the widespread use of alternating current techniques for measuring impedances (admittance and impedance being the generic notions in electrodynamics encompassing these constitutive properties), it is not 

In Table 3.1 are summarized the three constitutive properties of a system with their specificities. 

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Over the past decade it has been established that for various substituents the i C chemical shift increment is a constitutive property. This applies to many systems e.g. benzenes, alkanes and alkenes. The availability of over 200 allenes, randomly substituted with groups of different nature, enabled us to prove that in the case of allenes the chemical shift increment is a constitutive property too, thus establishing a convenient method for estimating i ( C) values for allenes. 

The additive and constitutive properties of the molar refraction of a substance has been known for nearly a century and the molar refraction is defined by the following equation,... 

New optical (static as well as dynamic) techiuques for the stndy of long-range order in stractured continna are begiiming to appear and can be used to understand the constitutive properties and relations in complex (polymeric, nematic, and other stmctured) fluids. 

The first attempt for calculating logP was proposed by Hansch and Fujita [189] who considered partition coefficients as an additive-constitutive property. This means that lipophilicity of a given compound is given by that of the unsubstituted parent compound plus a 7T term representing the difference in partition coefficient between a particular substituent X and the hydrogen atom which it replaces ... 

Cao, M., and L. Schafer. 1993. Viewpoiny 6—Characteristic Aspects of GG Sequences and the Importance of Constitutional Properties for Conformational Entropies. J. Mol. Struct. (Theochem) 284, 235-242. 

Partition coefficient can be treated as an additive constitutive property, and for a given molecule can be considered an additive function of its component parts... 

This is an additive constitutive property that is easy to determine experimentally and has theoretical significance, but it has been superceded by spectral methods that offer a deeper... 

This is an additive constitutive property that is easy to determine experimentally and has theoretical significance, but it has been superceded by spectral methods that offer a deeper insight into the molecular structure. Nevertheless, it has historical value in the early elucidation of the structure of secondary ozonides as substituted 1,2,4-trioxolanes . ... 

The sequence rules do not suffice to deal with constitutional properties, as these are not fully given by the tree graph. Additional rales are required to define the relative importance of atoms or groups within the tree graph. The corresponding hierarchical tree graph is defined as follows ... 

Constitutional, property-based, 2D topologi- 1,084 cal, and 3D conformational descriptors... 

Another area where this intermediate level of moieties has been invoked is the use of molecular fragments to predict certain physical properties of molecules (Lyman, 1982). In one example, the prediction of partition coefficients as a measure of lipophilicity is steadily evolving in several laboratories (see below). The central theme of these efforts is the dissection of a molecule into fragments followed by an evaluation of their individual contribution to the physical property. From there a simple summation of contributions (i.e. increments), mitigated by a variety of factors encoding constitutive properties, is made to model the property (Rekker, 1977 Hansch and Leo, 1979). 

A means to find or estimate required constitutive properties that appear in the conservation equations. These can include equations of state, thermodynamic and transport properties, and chemical reaction rates. 

The ionization cross section is a constitutive property and is the sum of the atomic cross sections. Knowing the elemental composition of a gas enables prediction of a response. Hydrogen is the carrier gas used. The detector is universal and capable of an MDL of 3x10 lg/see. It has the advantage of a wide linear dynamic range of 10 1. Some exception to the linear dynamic range and predictability of response has been made and certainly rests in the diversity of experimental conditions. 

In group contribution methods, solubility is assumed to be an additive-constitutive property. That is, each fragment of a molecule possesses some intrinsic solubility. Thus, solubility of a molecule can be expressed as a summation of the solubility of all the groups as... 

Former studies by Hodgson et al. (1963) showed that the removal of organic matter, which partly controls CEC, from soils might either increase or decrease adsorption of Cobalt. It is likely that several parameters which are commonly associated with the adsorptive properties of particulate matter do not depend the same way on the constitutive properties of the samples. Nevertheless, it is still difficult ... 

From about 1930 onwards, developments in the field of naphthoquinone dyes concentrated on the use of naphthazarin and intermediates for the preparation of violet, blue, and green acid and disperse dyes [1]. More recently there has been interest in the synthesis and color and constitution properties of simple colored naphthoquinones, stimulated by the fact that such dyes have similar tinctorial properties to the anthraquinones but a smaller molecular size. The naphthoquinones provide a useful alternative to the anthraquinones for certain specialized applications, e g., as pleochroic dyes with improved solubility for liquid-crystal displays. As a result, research interest in these chromogens remains unabated, even though they have failed to make any major impact as textile dyes [2-8],... 

There is another important determinant of which species do and can evolve tolerance and those that do not. Symeonidis et al. (1985) screened cultivars of Agrostis capillaris for metal tolerances and demonstrated differential sensitivities to metals, suggesting the existence of non-specific low level tolerances to metals other than those present at toxic levels in soils from which they were derived. Other screening experiments have implicated such constitutive properties in the ability to evolve... 

R (or CMR) is an additive and constitutive property and has been used widely in determination of molecular structure, before the advent of spectroscopic methods. 

These properties are largely determined by the constitution of the molecule, without there being any question of additivity of colligativity. Typical constitutive properties are selective light absorption, magnetic resonance absorption, etc. Often these properties are the "fingerprints" of the substance. 

Intramolecular and intermolecular interactions sometimes have a very great influence on colligativity and additivity, and often accentuate constitutive properties. Our coming... 

The index of refraction and the specific refractive index increment (an important quantity in light scattering) can be estimated via additive molar properties. Light absorption, on the other hand, does not show additivity, but is a typically constitutive property. Other optical properties, such as light reflection, are dependent on both refraction and absorption. 

Sonic absorption on the other hand is - for linear polymers - a typical constitutive property, dependent of temperature and frequency, for which no additivity techniques are available. For cross-linked polymers the integrated loss modulus-temperature function (the "loss area") in the glass-rubber transition zone shows additive properties. 

Degradation of polymers by chemical reactions is a typical constitutive property. No methods for numerical estimations exist in this field. Only qualitative prediction is possible. 

Constant K and the exponent a of the Mark-Houwink equation, 255 Constitutive properties, 60 Contact angle, 232 Continuous chain model, 489-90 Continuous wave NMR, 365 Contour length, 247, 490 Controllability, 800... 

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