Inductively glow discharge mass spectrometry

There is a branch of MS specially designed for dealing with the analysis of inorganic materials.[21,22] Different specific ionization techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS),[23] glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD-MS)[24] and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS),[25] are available and they are widely used in cultural heritage applications. Their description is beyond the scope of this chapter. 

Hi) Methods based on mass spectrometry Spark-source mass spectrometry Glow-discharge mass spectrometry Inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry Electro-thermal vaporization-lCP-MS Thermal-ionization mass spectrometry Accelerator mass spectrometry Secondary-ion mass spectrometry Secondary neutral mass spectrometry Laser mass spectrometry Resonance-ionization mass spectrometry Sputter-initiated resonance-ionization spectroscopy Laser-ablation resonance-ionization spectroscopy... 

Van Straeten M. and Gijbels R. (1995) Determination of the scandium content of high-purity titanium using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and glow discharge mass spectrometry as part of its certification as a reference material, J Anal At Spectrom 10 849-852. 

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), laser ablation ICP-MS (LA ICP-MS), thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS), resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS), and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) have been used successfully to measure uranimn concentrations and isotope ratios in a wide range of sample matrices. The specific details of the methods are described fully in the relevant sections of this encyclopedia. There are specific advantages associated with each method, which depend on the sample of interest and the information required. 

Notes TIMS, thermal ionization mass spectrometry ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry GD-MS, glow discharge mass spectrometry XRF, x-ray fluorescence XRD, x-ray diffraction GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry SEM, scanning electron microscope TEM, transmission electron microscope SIMS, secondary ion mass spectrometry EDS, energy-dispersive sensor WDS, wavelength-dispersive sensor. 

Feng X. and Horlick G. (1994) Analysis of aluminium alloys using inductively coupled plasma and glow discharge mass spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 9 823—831. 

Faahan-Smith,T., and Woodford, D. (1995).The relative merits of the analysis of high purity gold by glow discharge mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Precious Met., p. 205. 

Atomic mass spectrometry has been around for many years, but the introduction of the inductively coupled plasma in the 1970s and its subsequent development for mass spectrometry led to its successful commercialization by several instrument companies. Today inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a widely used technique for the simultaneous determination of more than 70 elements in a few minutes. Some other sources, such as the glow discharge, are also used for atomic mass spectrometry. Because the ICP predominates, however, the discussion here focuses on ICP-MS. 

The sources used for optical atomic spectrometry are also powerful sources for elemental mass spectrometry, from the classical spark source mass spectrometer to present-day plasma mass spectro-metric methods such as glow discharge and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 

Jakubowski, N., Feldmann, I., and Stuewer, D. (1997). Grimm-type glow discharge ion source for operation with a high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry instrument./. Ana/. At. Spectrom. 12(2), 151. 

The ion source is an essential component of all mass spectrometers where the ionization of a gaseous, liquid or solid sample takes place. In inorganic mass spectrometry, several ion sources, based on different evaporation and ionization processes, such as spark ion source, glow discharge ion source, laser ion source (non-resonant and resonant), secondary ion source, sputtered neutral ion source and inductively coupled plasma ion source, have been employed for a multitude of quite different application fields (see Chapter 9). 

Inductively Coupled and Microwave Induced Plasma Sources for Mass Spectrometry 4 Industrial Analysis with Vibrational Spectroscopy 5 Ionization Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry 6 Quantitative Millimetre Wavelength Spectrometry 7 Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy A Practical Guide 8 Chemometrics in Analytical Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition 9 Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History 10 Basic Chemometric Techniques in Atomic Spectroscopy... 

Four techniques based on mass spectrometry are widely used for multi-elemental trace analysis of inorganic compounds in a wide range of sample types. These techniques are thermal ionization (TI), spark source (SS), glow discharge (GD) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry. In these techniques, atomization and ionization of the analysed sample are accomplished by volatilization from a heated surface, attack by electrical discharge, rare-gas ion sputtering and vaporization in a hot flame produced by inductive coupling. 

For glow discharges and inductively coupled high-frequency plasmas ion generation takes place in the plasmas. In the first case mass spectrometry can be performed directly on solids and in the second case on liquids or solids after sample dissolution. In the various atomic spectrometric methods, real samples have to be delivered in the appropriate form to the plasma source. Therefore, in the treatment of the respective methods extensive attention will be given to the techniques for sample introduction. 

As in the sources used in optical atomic spectrometry a considerable ionization takes place, they are also of use as ion sources for mass spectrometry. Although an overall treatment of instrumentation for mass spectrometry is given in other textbooks [68], the most common types of mass spectrometers will be briefly outlined here. In particular, the new types of elemental mass spectrometry sources have to be considered, namely the glow discharges and the inductively and eventually the microwave plasmas. In contrast with classical high voltage spark mass spectrometry (for a review see Ref. [69]) or thermionic mass spectrometry (see e.g. Ref. [70]), the plasma sources mentioned are operated at a pressure which is considerably... 

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