Induction temperature

Nickel sulfate also is made by the reaction of black nickel oxide and hot dilute sulfuric acid, or of dilute sulfuric acid and nickel carbonate. The reaction of nickel oxide and sulfuric acid has been studied and a reaction induction temperature of 49°C deterrnined (39). High purity nickel sulfate is made from the reaction of nickel carbonyl, sulfur dioxide, and oxygen in the gas phase at 100°C (40). Another method for the continuous manufacture of nickel sulfate is the gas-phase reaction of nickel carbonyl and nitric acid, recovering the soHd product in sulfuric acid, and continuously removing the soHd nickel sulfate from the acid mixture (41). In this last method, nickel carbonyl and sulfuric acid are fed into a closed-loop reactor. Nickel sulfate and carbon monoxide are produced the CO is thus recycled to form nickel carbonyl. 

Clos, J., Rabindran, S., Wisniewski, J., Wu, C. (1993). Induction temperature of human heat shock factor is reprogrammed in Drosophila cell environment. Nature 363,252-254. 

The data indicate that the higher the induction temperature (T() the higher the oxidation stability and the residual useful life, RUL. With continued use, antioxidants get depleted and oil becomes more and more oxidized. The criteria, i.e., 30 % reduction in T indicate the end of useful life for an oil system. 

In our laboratory, reduced temperature at induction is the first thing attempted to increase the solubility of an expressed protein. Frequently, reducing the induction temperature from 37 to 15—20 °C can change the solubility level of an overproduced protein from undetectable to adequate.82 Reduced temperature slows both transcription and translation rates and reduces the strength of hydrophobic interactions. However, below 15 °C many promoter systems are inefficient. For these very low temperatures, use of cold-inducible promoters can be advantageous as most commonly used promoter systems work with reduced efficiency at decreased temperatures.83-85 Systems based on the promoter from the major E. coli cold-shock gene cspA have been described and have demonstrated their utility with membrane-associated proteins as well as those prone to proteolysis.86,87... 

Optimal induction temperatures and durations should be determined for each bioreceptor. We have found that 20°C is consistently the optimal induction temperature, and the optimal induction duration ranged from 24 to 72 h, depending on the polypeptide. 

Figure 4 Thermal analysis of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). Crystallinities, melting temperatures, T, and oxidation induction temperatures, To, are indicated. (Reproduced with permission from Widman G (1987) Thermal analysis of plastics. American Laboratory 19 98-103.)...

Occasionally, the oxidative induction temperature (also abbreviated as OIT) is also measured. The specimen is exposed to an oxygen atmosphere from the start, heated at a constant rate and the heat flow difference meas-... 

ISO 11357-6 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Determination of oxidation induction time (isothermal OIT) and oxidation induction temperature (dynamic OIT). 

Real Inductor with electrically behavioral aspects and characteristics that are all taken into account, e.g., magnetic power loss, magnetic flux leakage, self-winding and interwinding capacitances and related dielectric power loss, radiation power loss, parasitic coupUngs, and so on, and dependences of these factors on firequency, induction, temperature, time, etc. 

Dynamic method characteristic oxidative induction temperature ... 

Oxidative induction temperature and/or time is a property of plastics that is mainly determined by their stabilizers. Oxidative induction temperatures and times will be increasingly considered thanks to the introduction of the specification of the Geosynthetic Research Institute for geo-memhranes made from PE-HD (GRI-GM13) [176]. This specification requires that raw materials manufacturers provide the oxidative induction times and their characteristics for their products and on the basis of oven storage and UV storage tests [177]. 

Defining a specific oxidative induction temperature as a quality criterion for the stability of plastics against thermal oxidative degradation - as demanded by GRl-GM13 [176] for PE-HD geo-membranes — is arbitrary and not very informative. However, it has been used in industry for several years. The fact that a material has an oxidative Induction time of 100 minutes says nothing about the quality of the material In service and its service life [177]. 

Thermal-oxidative stability ofPTA copolyesters expressed as oxidation induction temperature (OIT, dynamio method)... 

Oxidative induction temperature, see OIT Oxidative induction time, see OIT Oxidatively degradable plastics 838 Oxo-degradability 851 Oxygen absorption 49... 

Oxidation induction time, oxidation induction temperature (ASTM D3895, D2 009)2-3 Swelling analysis (ASTM D2765, F2214)3 J-integral (ASTM D6068)2-3 ... 

Rakovsky S, Zaikov G. Ozonolysis of polybutadienes. / Appl Polym Sci 2004 91(3) 2048-2057. Schmid M, Affolter S. Interlaboratory tests on polymers by DSC determination and comparison of oxidation induction time and oxidation induction temperature. Polym Test 2002 22 419-428. Sepe MR Oxidation induction time an old method for a new era. In Antec 95, Boston, 7-11 May, 1995 pp. 2468-2474. 

Figure 4 shows how the auto-tune PID controllers stabilized with a much different control interval for induction and band-heaters. With induction, temperature control was able to compensate promptly, each cycle, for the effect of the cold entering material. This was because the barreFs temperature at the measurement depth was affected more quickly by induction than by the introduction of cold material. By comparison, the band-heaters were unable to measurably affect the barrel s temperature within the short cycle interval, so PID control was forced to cycle at a much longer interval to produce a larger and slower, and therefore distinguishable, feedback temperature change. 

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