Mechanisms of induction

A second possible mechanism to initiate an autoimmune response is based on the concept of molecular mimicry. It is well known that microorganisms often bear epitopes closely resembling epitopes of autoantigens. An encounter with a cross-reacting antigen 

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Kazi S, Cohen PR et al (1996) The diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome. Clinical and immunogenetic features in 35 patients. Aids 10(4) 385-391 Keilbaugh SA, Prusoff WH et al (1991) The PC12 cell as a model for studies of the mechanism of induction of peripheral neuropathy by anti-HIV-1 dideoxynucleoside analogs. Biochem Pharmacol 42(1) R5-R8... 

Woloshuk CP (1986) Cutinase of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi mechanism of induction and relatedness to other Fusarium species. PhD thesis, Washington State University, Pullman WA... 

It is hoped that this volume will contribute toward the ultimate elucidation of the molecular mechanism of induction of cancer by PAH. This knowledge will provide a rational basis for the design of approaches for the prevention and cure of this dread disease. 

According to Albersheim and coworkers,10 the mechanism of induction of pathogeny is associated with an interaction, between the pathogen and the cell-wall saccharides of the host, which influences the production of enzymes degrading its cell walls. The production of enzyme is regulated both by the pathogen and the host. 

Sankaranarayanan, K. 1991b. Ionizing radiation and genetic risks III. Nature of spontaneous and radiation-induced mutations in mammalian in vitro systems and mechanisms of induction of mutations by radiation. Mutat. Res. 258 75-97. 

The signal molecule, 30,C6-HSL and number of its analogues, with variations in the acyl chain and the hetero-ring, have been prepared [15,56,57] to investigate the mechanism of induction of carbapenem and luminescence in Erwinia carotovora and V.fischeri respectively. Essentially, the acylation of l-HSL with 3-oxoalkanoic acid by the same method as outlined for the preparation of AT-acyl-L-HSL delivers the desired derivatives. However, as the p-keto acids are thermally labile, these were prepared from the corresponding p-keto ester after the initial protection of the p-keto function as ethylene glycol ketal (route a, Scheme 6). 

Several stereoselective dialkylzinc additions have been reported. The oxazolidine catalyst series (64) gives moderate ee% in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. Substituent effects on the mechanism of induction have been explored for a range of... 

It is postulated from epidemiologic studies that fibrous materials are also carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic. Lung cancer and mesothelioma (cancer of the pleura) have both been linked to occupational exposure of fibrous materials. The mechanisms of induction of these, as most cancers, are thought to start as changes in the affected cells. 

Houghton JA, Houghton P, Wooten RS. Mechanism of induction of gastrointestinal toxicity in the mouse by 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorourdine, and 5-fluoro-2 -deoxyuridine. Cancer Res 1979 39 2406-2413. 

Laughlin TM, Larson AA, Wilcox GL Mechanisms of induction of persistent nociception by dynorphin. 3 Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001 299 6. [PMID 11561057]... 

In the case of food bodies, the primary mechanism of induction might be food body removal. Risch and Rickson (1981) showed that the production of unicellular food bodies by Piper cenocladum is stimulated by the presence of the mutualist ant Pheidole bicornis. When ants are present, the plant produces 30 times as many food bodies as control plants. Similar effects had previously been reported for other types of food bodies (Carroll and Janzen, 1973). In P. cenocladum, a clerid beetle exploits this relationship. Their larvae are also able to stimulate food body production in the absence of the ants (Letoumeau, 1990). 

The mechanisms of induction of the cytochromes P-450 will be considered in terms of the different types of inducer. However, some general principles can be considered first. 

Figure 5.34 Mechanism of induction of CYP2B6 by a chemical such as the drug phenobarbital. This drug activates a nuclear receptor (CAR).This combines with the retinoid X receptor and binds to PBREM, as specific section of the CYP gene, which stimulates the production of CYP2B6 mRNA leading to the production of CYP2B6 protein and enzyme. Abbreviations CAR, constitutive androstane receptor RXR retinoid X receptor PBREM, phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module.

As endogenous molecules, in particular fatty acids, can bind to the PPAR, the mechanism of induction by xenobiotics could also involve disturbance of lipid metabolism, leading to induction by fatty acids. 

The gene expression (i.e., rate of /3-lactamase formation) is often controlled by the mechanism of induction (2, 11,27). 

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