Induction interaction

X Benzene 80.1 0.03-0.1 Prinarily dispersion with weak proton -acceptor properties. Polarizable in induction Interactions. 

The solvent triangle classification method of Snyder Is the most cosDBon approach to solvent characterization used by chromatographers (510,517). The solvent polarity index, P, and solvent selectivity factors, X), which characterize the relative importemce of orientation and proton donor/acceptor interactions to the total polarity, were based on Rohrscbneider s compilation of experimental gas-liquid distribution constants for a number of test solutes in 75 common, volatile solvents. Snyder chose the solutes nitromethane, ethanol and dloxane as probes for a solvent s capacity for orientation, proton acceptor and proton donor capacity, respectively. The influence of solute molecular size, solute/solvent dispersion interactions, and solute/solvent induction interactions as a result of solvent polarizability were subtracted from the experimental distribution constants first multiplying the experimental distribution constant by the solvent molar volume and thm referencing this quantity to the value calculated for a hypothetical n-alkane with a molar volume identical to the test solute. Each value was then corrected empirically to give a value of zero for the polar distribution constant of the test solutes for saturated hydrocarbon solvents. These residual, values were supposed to arise from inductive and... 

For polarizable charge distributions, additional classical-type interactions arise from the induced dipole, quadrupole, and higher moments on each monomer, which are proportional to the fields created by the asymmetric charge distribution on the other monomer. The proportionality constants for each multipole field are the monomer polarizabilities aa and ah (a111 for dipole fields, a(Q) for quadrupole fields, etc.). The leading two induction interactions are ... 

Sariola H Sainio (1998) Cell lineages in the embryonic kidney their inductive interactions and signallin molecules. Biochem Cell Biol, 76 1009-1016. 

We have seen how a substituent on one cyclopentadienyl ring in ferrocene markedly affects subsequent ring substitution reactions. While certain transformations of this type are at least partially determined by steric factors, it seems certain that resonance and inductive interactions also play a very important role in determining orientation. Electronic transmissions both within and across the cyclopentadienyl rings are not fully understood, since the precise nature of the bonding in ferrocene is still uncertain. 

The first term on the right-hand side arises from external electric fields. The second (B) term arises from external magnetic inductions interacting with electronic orbital motion. The SL term arises from electron spin-orbital motion interactions. The Z term arises from the Zeeman interaction between electron spin and the external electric field. H s arises from electron spin-electron spin interactions and includes all hyperfine terms arising from nuclear spins. 

Systemization and analysis of literature data bearing on the quantitative estimation of inductive interaction of functional groups in organic and organometallic compounds... 

For cyclohexadienol 10 for example the value of AGf(aq) may be estimated from the corresponding value for cyclohexadiene —39.5 (AGOH for EtOH) — 1.2 (the increment <5AGOH for cyclohexen-3-ol), plus a correction of 1.0 kcal moF1 for the unfavorable inductive interaction between the OH group and the remote double bond of the dienol. In so far as AGr(aq) for benzene is known, pAjqo for addition of water to benzene [Equation (16)] can now be estimated as 22.2. 

Smith, J.C., Dale, L., Slack, J.M.W. (1985). Cell lineage labels and region specific markers in the analysis of inductive interactions. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 89 suppl. 317-331. 

From the point of view of the Buckingham formula (Equation (2.23)) only the effect of long-range electrostatic and induction interactions crE of the solvent molecule with the reaction field is included in the traditional methods of the (n) group (continuum models). Contrary to that, the supermolecular approach (I) or combined MD/QM methods (III) includes the short-range term cra and the long-range crw and some of the [Pg.132]

A. di Matteo and A. Ferrarini, Effects of induction interactions on orientational order of solutes in liquid crystals, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105 (2001) 2837-2849. 

A. di Matteo, S. M. Todd, G. GottareUi, G. Solladie, V. E. Williams and R. P. Lemieux, Correlation between molecular structure and helicity of induced chiral nematics in terms of short-range and electrostatic-induction interactions. The case of chiral biphenyls, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123 (2001) 7842-7851. 

Inductive interactions can be of a concern with UGTs. Similar to some of the P450 enzymes, the nuclear hormone receptors CAR and PXR regulate induction of UGT1A1, one of the intestinal UGT isoforms and may contribute to... 

T. Korona, On the role of higher-order correlation effects on the induction interactions between closed-shell molecules. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9 6004-6011 (2007)... 

It is usual to consider the inductive interaction as a universal electron effect56. This means that the inductive influence of the R3M substituent on the reaction (indicator) centre Rjr and X does not depend on the reaction centre type. This seems to be true for M = C, but for M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb some comments, given below, are required. 

The inductive effect of an inorganic, organic or organometallic substituent, Y, is characterized quantitatively by several widespread constants, such as a and others (a, a, F etc.)34,57. The relationship ai(Y) = ct (Y) = F(Y) = 0.45inductive constant a of a certain Y substituent (Table 5) reflects several electronic interactions. The most important independent mechanisms of polarization of bonds between the substituent Y and the reaction centre are the field and the inductive interactions. The contribution of each mechanism depends on the type of substituent Y29. 

Dipole induction interaction occurs when a permanent dipole induces a temporary dipole in a neighbouring molecule that does not necessarily possess a dipole moment of its own. 

Table 2.4 lists the individual contributions or partial polarities for the solutes that appear in table 2.2. From this table, it is clear that a distinction can now be made between molecules of similar overall polarity. Much of the cohesive energy of toluene is due to dispersion interaction, whereas dipole orientation is more important in ethyl acetate. Orientation interaction is of more relevance in methylene chloride than it is in dioxane, which shows a considerable contribution from induction interaction. 

Van der Waals interactions are noncovalent and nonelectrostatic forces that result from three separate phenomena permanent dipole-dipole (orientation) interactions, dipole-induced dipole (induction) interactions, and induced dipole-induced dipole (dispersion) interactions [46]. The dispersive interactions are universal, occurring between individual atoms and predominant in clay-water systems [23]. The dispersive van der Waals interactions between individual molecules were extended to macroscopic bodies by Hamaker [46]. Hamaker s work showed that the dispersive (or London) van der Waals forces were significant over larger separation distances for macroscopic bodies than they were for singled molecules. Through a pairwise summation of interacting molecules it can be shown that the potential energy of interaction between flat plates is [7, 23]... 

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