Regulation induction

A single sentence describing some properties of the unknown protein is not regarded as optimal automatic annotation of TrEMBL. As with SWISS-PROT, as much information as possible is required about properties such as function (s) of the protein, domains and sites, catalytic activity, cofactors, regulation, induction, pathways, tissue specificity, developmental stages, and subcellular location. 

The control via activation or inhibition of the rate(s) of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction(s). This control includes the increase or decrease in the stability or half-life of the enzyme(s). There are many different means by which control can be achieved. These include 1. Substrate availability and reaction conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, ionic strength, lipid interface activation) 2. Magnitude of Vraax sud valucs) 3. Activation (particularly, feedforward activation) 4. Isozyme formation 5. Com-partmentalization and channeling 6. Oligomerization/ polymerization 7. Feedback inhibition and cooperativity (particularly, allosterism and/or hysteresis) 8. Covalent modification and 9. Gene regulation (induction repression)... 

CD23 45 B cells, follicular dendritic cells, monocytes IgE synthesis regulation, induction of inflammatory cytokines... 

Dinkova-Kostova AT, Holtzclaw WD, Cole RN, Itoh K, Wakabayashi N, Katoh Y, Yamamoto M, Talalay P. 2002. Direct evidence that sulfhydryl groups of Keapl are the sensors regulating induction of phase 2 enzymes that protect against carcinogens and oxidants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 11908-11913. 

Although this chapter emphasizes up-regulation (induction) of DMEs by xenobiotic chemicals there are abundant examples of down-regulation (suppression) of DME levels by xenobiotic chemicals, perhaps even involving some of the same regulatory pathways responsible for induction (reviewed in Refs. 20 and 21). 

By convention, polymorphisms are genetic variations where the least common allele or least common phenotype is present at a frequency of at least 1%. Human populations also display numerous genetic variations (termed rare genetic variants) that are present at a frequency lower than 1%. The major receptors that regulate induction of DMEs in humans (Table 1) exhibit few genetic variations that qualify as true polymorphisms (24). 

Inductive interactions can be of a concern with UGTs. Similar to some of the P450 enzymes, the nuclear hormone receptors CAR and PXR regulate induction of UGT1A1, one of the intestinal UGT isoforms and may contribute to... 

Both the PhoPQ and PmrAB systems regulate induction of the pmrH operon (McPhee et al., 2003), which encodes enzymes necessary for the synthesis of aminoarabinose as well as its transfer to the 1- and 4 -phosphate groups of lipid A (Fig. 11.4). In PA laboratory-adapted strains, addition of aminoarabinose (Am/z + 131) to the penta- and hexa-acylated species (m/z 1447 or m/z 1685) can be observed under appropriate inducing conditions, resulting in lipid A species of m/z 1578 or m/z 1816, respectively. 

Alam J, Stewart D, Touchard C, Boina-pally S, Choi AMK, et al. 1999. Nrf2, a Cap n Collar transcription factor, regulates induction of the heme oxigenase-1 gene. J. Biol. Chem. 274 26071-78... 

We isolated from the pond two strains of bacteria able to grow on PNP. One of the strains, a Pseudomonas. undergoes an extended lag period under certain conditions in the laboratory. We are currently studying this strain to obtain information about its metabolic pathway for PNP, and the factors that regulate induction of enzymes and growth. Preliminary results indicate that the time required for induction of catabolic enzymes is inversely related to both the concentration of cells and the PNP concentration. The mechanism of such effects is unknown. 

Schuetz, E.G. and P.S. Guzelian (1984). Induction of cytochrome P-450 by glucocorticoids in rat liver. II. Evidence that glucocorticoids regulate induction of cytochrome P-450 by a nonclassical receptor mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2007-2012. 

Moreover, examination of the expression of the early response proto-oncogenes, c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc, after PH demonstrated down-regulated induction of c-jun mRNA transcripts by SMC, sustained for an eight-hour period [75],... 

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