Indoxyl sulfate

Ohtsuki S, Asaba H, Takanaga H, Deguchi T, Hosoya K, Otagiri M, Terasaki T (2002) Role of blood-brain barrier organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in the efflux of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin Its involvement in neurotransmitter metabolite clearance from the brain. J Neurochem 83 57-66... 

Fig. 29.9 Inlet and time-dependent outlet concentrations of uremic toxins CMPF ( ), indoxyl sulfate ( ) and hippuric acid (/////) during 4 h perfusion of HSA-containing mixture of these metabolites through HSGD mierocolumn...

Bilirubin A false negative may occur when the sample contains ascorbic acid concentrations of 25 mg/dl or more. The yellow/orange-to-red color produced by the presence of indican (indoxyl sulfate) is also problematic. 

Absorbed from intestines and excreted in urine as indoxyl sulfate... 

Acetyloxyindole (256), when fed to rats, caused an increase in the urinary excretion of indole, indoxyl sulfate (258), and anthranilic acid, but 1-methoxyindole (257) was almost completely converted to 258 and anthranilic acid, no indole being detected (84MI7). Feeding the rats 1-... 

Indoxyl Indole D Double Ba salt of A and indoxyl sulfate -34 133... 

Serum Uremic syndrome Control rats (6/5) LC-MS Indoxyl sulfate, phenyl sulfate, hippuric acid, and p-cresyl-sulfate (57)... 

An adolescent developed a persistent scaly and dirty-looking rash and severe neurologic symptoms, such as difficulty in walking and maintaining balance. He was in and out of the hospital for several years with no relief. His laboratory data showed increased levels of serum bicarbonate (31 meq/L), normal urinary porphyrins and porphobilinogen, and a massive excretion of amino acids, indican, and indoxyl sulfate. 

Scheme I. Major pathway for the transformation of natural colorless precursors obtained from banded dye-murex to hyacinthine purple (tekhelet ). J, 6,6 -dibromoindigotin 11 y potassium indoxyl sulfate 111, potassium 6-bromoindoxyl sulfate IV, indigotin E, enzymatic or acidic hydrolysis, and [0], aerobic oxidation. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 7.

The major natural precursors of hyacinthine purple in the hypo-branchial gland are potassium indoxyl sulfate (Structure II in Scheme I) and its 6-bromo derivative (Structure III in Scheme I) (12). These are hydrolyzed and then aerobically oxidized to the final mixture of Structures I and IV (Scheme I). 

Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid Uippuric acid Homocysteine Indoxyl sulfate... 

Indeed, so far only a few fluorescent compounds have been isolated. Using reverse-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection at Ex/Em 295/405 nm, one group was able to identify indican (indoxyl sulfate), kynurenic acid, tryptophan, and indole-3-acetic acid, all markedly elevated in uremic sera (B12, S35). 

G19. Gulyassy, P. F Jarrard, E., and Stanfel, L. A., Contributions of hippurate, indoxyl sulfate, and o-hydroxyhippurate to impaired ligand binding by plasma in azotemic humans. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36, 4215-4220 (1987). 

N9. Niwa, T., Takeda, N., Tatematsu, A., et al., Accumulation of indoxyl sulfate, an inhibitor of drug-binding, in uremic serum as demonstrated by internal-surface reverse-phase liquid chromatography. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 34, 2264-2267 (1988). 

Potassium salt, C,H,KNOJS, indol-3-yl potassium sulfate, urinary indican, potassium indoxyl sulfate. Light brown plates from aq ale, dec 179-180 with sublimation. Very sol in water practically insol in cold alcohol. 

Methylsulfonyl-6-bromo-indoxyl sulfate potassium salt... 

As it often happens, a decisive piece of information came from an entirely different quarter. In 1879, Baumann and Tiemann had isolated urinary indican. This is the potassium salt of indoxyl sulfate, which arises in the urine under... 

Monftoring drug therapy No biochemical markers fi om urine or blood have been established for detecting ciclosporin-induced renal injury. The serum concentration of indoxyl sulfate was high in patients with chronic renal impairment in 24 children with frequently relapsing steroid-dependent nephritic syndrome treated with ciclosporin, and renal biopsies showed chronic ciclosporin nephropathy in 13 of the 24 [19 ]. Of all studied biomarkers, only serum indoxyl sulfate was significantly raised in those with ciclosporin nephropathy. Indoxyl sulfate is synthesized in the liver from indole, a metabolite of protein-derived tryptophan produced... 

Umino D, Ohtomo Y, Hara S, Someya T, Fujinaga S, Shimizu T. Serum indoxyl sulfate as an early marker for detecting... 

Fig, 253, Formation of purpur from indoxyl sulfates 1 Purpurase 2 spontaneous reaction upon radiation... 

Figure 3. Potassium indoxyl sulfate, dye precursor of Tyrian Purple (X = H, Br Y = H, SCH 3, SO2CH3)...

Indoxyl derivatives LC, detection limits using FIA Indoxyl sulfate 2.3 pmol, indoxyl phosphate 3.1 pmol, indoxyl acetate 1.7 pmol, indoxyl 1,3-diacetate 0.4 pmol, indoxyl ) -D-glucoside 0.0015 pmol, indoxyl ) -D-galactoside 0.0015 pmol, indoxyl ) -D-glucuronide 0.0023 pmol, tryptophan 0.25 pmol (201)... 

Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins Among the 20 protein-bound uremic toxins identified in the EUTox review (Vanholder et al., 2003), leptin and retinol binding protein were middle molecules, and 18 others were small solutes (MW < 500 Da). Some of these protein-bound molecules exert a toxic effect at concentrations observed in dialysis patients. For example, the 3-carboxy-4-methyl propylfuranpropionic acid, which is 98% bound to albumin, inhibits erythropoiesis (Niwa et al., 1990). Similarly, P-cresol and indoxyl sulfate, both of which are nearly 100% protein bound, inhibit endothelial... 

Dou, L., Bertrand, E., Cerini, C., Faure, V., Sampol, J., Vanholder, R., Berland, Y., and Brunet, P. (2004). The uremic solutes p-ciesol and indoxyl sulfate inhibit endothelial proliferation and wound repair. Kidney Int. 65, 442. 

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