Indium-III

Indium (III) oxide [1312-43-2] M 277.6, d 7.18, m sublimes at 850°. Wash with H2O and dry below 850°. Volatilises at 850° and dissolves in hot mineral acids to form salts. Store away from light because it darkens due to formation of In. 

Indium (III) sulfate (5H2O) [17069-79-3] M 607.9, d 3.44. Dissolve in strong H2SO4 and slowly evaporate at ca 50°. Wash crystals with glacial AcOH and then heat in a furnace at a temperature of 450-500° for 6h. Sol in H2O is 5%. The pentahydrate is converted to an anhydrous hygroscopic powder on heating at 500° for 6h but heating above this temperature over N2 yields the oxide sulfate. Evaporation of neutral aqueous solutions provides basic sulfates. [J Am Chem Soc 55 1943 1933, 58 2126 1936.]... 

Indisulfid, Indiumsulfid, n. indium (sesqui)-sulfide, indium(III) sulfide. 

Indium phthalocyanine (PcInCl) can be prepared by treating indium(III) chloride with phthalonitrile in a high-boiling solvent like quinoline139 or 1-chloronaphthalene.143 Dimeric indium(III) phthalocyanine complexes of the type Pc2In,144 Pc3In2145 as well as a bicyclic phthalocyanine (Pc3/2ln)146 are also known. 

On the basis of the expected charges on the monatomic ions, give the chemical formula of each of the following compounds (a) magnesium arsenide (b) indium(III) sulfide ... 

Certain other metal ions also exhibit catalysis in aqueous solution. Two important criteria are rate of ligand exchange and the acidity of the metal hydrate. Metal hydrates that are too acidic lead to hydrolysis of the silyl enol ether, whereas slow exchange limits the ability of catalysis to compete with other processes. Indium(III) chloride is a borderline catalysts by these criteria, but nevertheless is effective. The optimum solvent is 95 5 isopropanol-water. Under these conditions, the reaction is syn selective, suggesting a cyclic TS.63... 

Later, Araki et al. found that the allylation of aldehydes and ketones can be carried out by using catalytic amounts of indium(III) chloride in combination with aluminum or zinc metal.109 This reaction was typically performed in a THF-water (5 2) mixture at room temperature, although the conversion was much slower compared to the same reaction mediated by use of a stoichiometric amount of indium and it required days to complete. When the reaction was carried out in anhydrous THF alone, the yield dropped considerably and side-reactions such as reduction to alcohol increased. The combinations of Al-InCL or Zn-InCl3 gave comparable results. 

Indium trichloride349-351 is a mild Lewis acid that is effective for various kinds of Lewis-acid-catalyzed reactions such as Diels-Alder reactions (Scheme 85), aldol reactions, and Friedel Crafts reactions. Since indium trichloride is stable in water, several aqueous reactions have been investigated (Scheme 85) indium(III) triflate is also used as a Lewis acid. 

Methods for the preparation of tris(0-ethyl dithiocarbonato) complexes of chromium(III), indium(III), and cobalt(III) are presented and serve to illustrate procedures applicable to the preparation of O-alkyl dithiocarbonato, alkyl trithiocarbonato, iV,A7-dialkyldithiocarbamato, and 0,0 -dialkyl dithiophosphato complexes of several metals. 

For the preparation of tris(0-ethyl dithiocarbonato)indium-(III), reference may be made to the description of the apparatus,... 

The colorless tris(0-ethyl dithiocarbonato)arsenic(III) and yellow antimony(III) complexes have been prepared from the corresponding metal trichlorides using this procedure. Tris-(alkyl trithiocarbonato)-, tris(0,0 -dialkyldithiophosphato)-, and other tris(0-alkyl dithiocarbonato)indium(III) complexes can undoubtedly be prepared from the potassium or sodium derivatives of the ligands using this procedure. 

Tris(0-ethyl dithiocarbonato)chromium(III) is obtained as a dark blue crystalline powder which decomposes at 100 to 140°. The indium(III) ethylxanthate complex forms small colorless crystals which decompose at 130 to 150°.16,17 The cobalt (III) ethylxanthate complex is isolated as a dark green crystalline powder whose decomposition temperature determined by use of a thermal balance is 135 to 137° (lit. value, 117° 2 118 to 119°8). These compounds decompose slowly in air and more rapidly when heated in solution. The tripositive chromium, indium, and cobalt complexes are insoluble in water but are soluble in many organic solvents (Table T). 

TABLE I Solubilities of Tris(0-ethyl dithiocarbonato) Complexes of Chromium(III), Indium(III), and Cobalt(III) in Organic Solvents at 25°... 

X-ray powder diagrams obtained by the Guinier method show the tris (O-ethyl dithiocarbonato) complexes of chro-mium(III), indium(III), cobalt(III), iron(III), arsenic(III), and antimony(III) to be isomorphous. Carrai and Gottardi have determined the structure of the arsenic(III)18 and anti-mony(III)19 complexes. Crystallographic data for the cobalt(III) and chromium(III) ethylxanthate complexes are given by Derenzini20 and Franzini and Schiaffino,21 respectively. 

Related to the nitrile oxide cycloadditions presented in Scheme 6.206 are 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrones with alkenes leading to isoxazolidines. The group of Comes-Franchini has described cycloadditions of (Z)-a-phenyl-N-methylnitrone with allylic fluorides leading to enantiopure fluorine-containing isoxazolidines, and ultimately to amino polyols (Scheme 6.207) [374]. The reactions were carried out under solvent-free conditions in the presence of 5 mol% of either scandium(III) or indium(III) triflate. In the racemic series, an optimized 74% yield of an exo/endo mixture of cycloadducts was obtained within 15 min at 100 °C. In the case of the enantiopure allyl fluoride, a similar product distribution was achieved after 25 min at 100 °C. Reduction of the isoxazolidine cycloadducts with lithium aluminum hydride provided fluorinated enantiopure polyols of pharmaceutical interest possessing four stereocenters. 

The SSPs are prepared by the reaction of a stabilized Cu(I) cation, with an indium(III) or gallium(III) chalcogenide anion, prepared in situ by reaction of the conjugate acid of the thiol or selenol with NaOMe in methanol (Scheme 6.1 below).1,3... 

CulnS2, CulnSe2. CuInS2 (CIS),films have been grown from mixed copper(II) chloride, indium(III) chloride cation precursor, and sodium sulfide anion precursor solutions.121122 XPS and XRD analyses revealed that, when the copper/indium concentration ratio in the solution was 1.25, a stoichiometric CIS film could be grown. The electrical parameters obtained with different copper/indium concentration ratios have been investigated.121... 

Menzies, D. B. Dai, Q. Bourgeois, L. Caruso, R. A. Cheng, Y. B. Simon, G. P. Spiccia, L. 2007. Modification of mesoporous Ti02 electrodes by surface treatment with titanium(IV), indium(III) and zirconium(IV) oxide precursors Preparation, characterization and photovoltaic performance in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells. Nanotechnology 18 125608. 

Biscarbene complexes of indium(III) halides can be isolated from the reaction of two equivalents of l,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimida-... 

The rather complicated indium-phosphorus cluster framework 24 was obtained by the reaction of indium(III) chloride with PhP(SiMe3)2 in the presence of triethyl-phosphane [Eq. (12)] [29]. Apparently, a complex redox process occurred, in the course of which phosphorus atoms were oxidized by the formation of three P-P bonds, while six indium atoms were reduced from +3 to +2 accompanied by the formation of three In-In bonds. The In-In (average 274 pm) and P-P bond lengths (average 222 pm) represent localized single bonds. Other strategies for the... 

The reverse reaction is catalysed by copper sulphate in an ethanol/water (50 50) mixture297 298. Indium(III) chloride catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions was also reported, but the effects were poor and comparison to uncatalysed reactions was made only in a few cases299,300. A very versatile Lewis acid catalyst for such reactions is methylrhenium trioxide (MTO)300. This catalyst can be used without a solvent, in pure organic solvents like chloroform and even in pure water. While the catalyst is active in the latter two solvents (Table 22), it gives the best results in water (Table 23). 

Fig. 10. Transfer chemical potentials for tris(maltolato)gallium(III) and tris(maltolato)indium(III) to methanol-water mixtures at 298.2 K (data from Ref (236)).

SWV was used for the investigation of charge transfer kinetics of dissolved zinc(II) ions [215-218] and uranyl-acetylacetone [219], cadmium(II)-NTA [220] and mthenium(III)-EDTA complexes [221], and the mechanisms of electrode reactions of bismuth(III) [222], europium(III) [223,224] and indium(III) ions [225], 8-oxoguanine [226] and selenium(IV) ions [227,228]. It was also used for the speciation of zinc(II) [229,230], cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions in various matrices [231-235]. 

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