Indium III chloride

Indium phthalocyanine (PcInCl) can be prepared by treating indium(III) chloride with phthalonitrile in a high-boiling solvent like quinoline139 or 1-chloronaphthalene.143 Dimeric indium(III) phthalocyanine complexes of the type Pc2In,144 Pc3In2145 as well as a bicyclic phthalocyanine (Pc3/2ln)146 are also known. 

Certain other metal ions also exhibit catalysis in aqueous solution. Two important criteria are rate of ligand exchange and the acidity of the metal hydrate. Metal hydrates that are too acidic lead to hydrolysis of the silyl enol ether, whereas slow exchange limits the ability of catalysis to compete with other processes. Indium(III) chloride is a borderline catalysts by these criteria, but nevertheless is effective. The optimum solvent is 95 5 isopropanol-water. Under these conditions, the reaction is syn selective, suggesting a cyclic TS.63... 

Later, Araki et al. found that the allylation of aldehydes and ketones can be carried out by using catalytic amounts of indium(III) chloride in combination with aluminum or zinc metal.109 This reaction was typically performed in a THF-water (5 2) mixture at room temperature, although the conversion was much slower compared to the same reaction mediated by use of a stoichiometric amount of indium and it required days to complete. When the reaction was carried out in anhydrous THF alone, the yield dropped considerably and side-reactions such as reduction to alcohol increased. The combinations of Al-InCL or Zn-InCl3 gave comparable results. 

CulnS2, CulnSe2. CuInS2 (CIS),films have been grown from mixed copper(II) chloride, indium(III) chloride cation precursor, and sodium sulfide anion precursor solutions.121122 XPS and XRD analyses revealed that, when the copper/indium concentration ratio in the solution was 1.25, a stoichiometric CIS film could be grown. The electrical parameters obtained with different copper/indium concentration ratios have been investigated.121... 

The rather complicated indium-phosphorus cluster framework 24 was obtained by the reaction of indium(III) chloride with PhP(SiMe3)2 in the presence of triethyl-phosphane [Eq. (12)] [29]. Apparently, a complex redox process occurred, in the course of which phosphorus atoms were oxidized by the formation of three P-P bonds, while six indium atoms were reduced from +3 to +2 accompanied by the formation of three In-In bonds. The In-In (average 274 pm) and P-P bond lengths (average 222 pm) represent localized single bonds. Other strategies for the... 

The reverse reaction is catalysed by copper sulphate in an ethanol/water (50 50) mixture297 298. Indium(III) chloride catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions was also reported, but the effects were poor and comparison to uncatalysed reactions was made only in a few cases299,300. A very versatile Lewis acid catalyst for such reactions is methylrhenium trioxide (MTO)300. This catalyst can be used without a solvent, in pure organic solvents like chloroform and even in pure water. While the catalyst is active in the latter two solvents (Table 22), it gives the best results in water (Table 23). 

Yadav JS, Reddy BVS, Madhuri C, Sabitha G (2001) Indium(III) chloride catalyzed allylation of gem-diacetates a facile synthesis of homoallyl acetates. Chem Lett 18... 

Later on, Yadav et al. reported the same reaction catalyzed by indium(III) chloride [93], and similar yields were obtained. 

After 2xh hours the gas flow is terminated and the power supply is disconnected. The layer of brown oil formed in the bottom of the vessel contains no indium and can be rejected. The supernatant is carefully removed to a 100-mL round-bottomed flask, and the solvent is removed by pumping in vacuo at room temperature until the volume is reduced to about 15 mL. The resultant white solid is collected and washed quickly with several small volumes of diethyl ether although indium(III) chloride is soluble in diethyl ether, the rate of dissolution is fairly slow, and the losses in this washing are tolerable. The collection and washing operations are carried out under dry nitrogen. Yield 0.23 g (26%, based on indium consumed). Anal. Calcd. for InCU In, 51.9 Cl 48.1. Found In (atomic absorption), 51.9 Cl (silver nitrate-potassium thiocyanate titration) 48.8. 

Tris(dimethyl sulfoxide)indium(III) chloride is a white crystalline nonhygro-scopic compound, soluble in alcohols, ethyl acetate, and nitromethane. Decomposition occurs at 130°. The infrared spectrum and the results of thermal stability studies have been reported.6 The presence of dmso can be verified from the infrared spectrum,6 which shows C—H vibrations, and =0 at 945, 960, and 995 cm. ... 

Ranu, B.C., Hajra, A. and Jana, U., Microwave-assisted simple synthesis of quinolines from anilines and alkyl vinyl ketones on the surface of silica gel in the presence of indium(III) chloride, Tetrahedron Lett., 2000, 41, 531-533. 

Catalyst for reactions of O-trimttk pkiles.1 Indium(III) chloride in combinatio... 

Asymmetric Mannich-type reactions, using a chiral imine as substrate and high loadings of indium(III) chloride as catalyst, proceed with moderate yield and good diastereoselectivity in [C4Ciim][BF4], see Scheme 9.9.[35] It is interesting to note that higher conversion with a reduced formation of the... 

The reaction of several a,/ -unsaturated ketones with allyltrimethyl silane in either [C4Ciim][BF4] or [C4Ciim][PF6] has been compared with several classical solvents, see Scheme 9.45.[152] With indium(III) chloride as catalyst, only in some cases was a higher activity observed in the ionic liquids, but the differences relative to the commonly used solvent, dichloromethane, were small and no obvious advantage in performing the reaction in the ionic media was evident. Very high catalyst loadings, ca. 20-50 mol%, were used but no attempts were made to recycle the catalyst phase. 

A solventless synthesis of substituted quinolines occurs when anilines are reacted with alkyl vinyl ketones in the presence of indium(III) chloride on silica gel and with microwave radiation <03T813>. The mechanism proposed involves Michael addition of aniline to the vinyl ketone followed by cyclization and aromatization under the catalysis of InClj/SiOj. The reactions are fast, clean, and high-yielding. 

Mukheijee, D, Ray, P K, Chowdhury, U S, Synthesis of glycosides via indium(III) chloride mediated... 

Reaction of indium(III) chloride with three equivalents of LiN(PPh2)2 in tetrahydrofuran affords the phosphazenide complex In[(PPh2)2N]3 (31) as a yellow solid. The solid-state structure shows that the six-coordinate indium atom is surrounded by three chelate rings in a propeller-like conformation. 

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