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India industry

Datta KK, Gupta PC, Dikshith TSS. 1977. Effect of chlordane on the skin of male guinea pigs. In Zaida SH, ed. Environmental pollution and human health. Lucknow, India Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, 608-611. [Pg.213]

Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals, Clariant, Crompton, Honeywell, Milliken Chemical, Mitsui, Pesticeds India Industries, Polychem Alloy Europe and Slovnaft. [Pg.164]

As early as 2500 bce m India indigo was used to dye cloth a deep blue The early Phoenicians discovered that a purple dye of great value Tyrian purple could be extracted from a Mediterranean sea snail The beauty of the color and its scarcity made purple the color of royalty The availability of dyestuffs underwent an abrupt change m 1856 when William Henry Perkin an 18 year old student accidentally discovered a simple way to prepare a deep purple dye which he called mauveme from extracts of coal tar This led to a search for other synthetic dyes and forged a permanent link between industry and chemical research... [Pg.4]

Approximately 2.5 million t of viscose process regenerated ceUulose fibers were produced in 1990 (Table 1). Measured by production capacity in 1990, the leading producers of filament yams in 1990 were the Soviet Union state-owned factories (255,000 t capacity) and Akzo Fibres in Europe (100,000 t). The leading producers of staple fiber and tow were Courtaulds with 180,000 t capacity spUt between the UK and North America Formosa Chemicals and Fibres Co. with 150,000 t in Taiwan Tenzing with 125,000 t in Austria, and a 40% stake in South Pacific Viscose s 37,000 t Indonesian plant and Grasim Industries in India (125,000 t). BASF s U.S. capacity of 50,000 t was acquired by Tenzing in 1992. [Pg.345]

Tamarind Gum. Tamarind gum [39386-78-9] is another seed gum with potential industrial appHcation. It is obtained from the seed kernels of the tamarind tree, Tamarindus indica which is cultivated in India and Bangladesh. The seeds are a by-product from the production of tamarind pulp which is used as a food flavor. Seed production is 150,000 t/yr. [Pg.435]

Total merchant shipments of DRI and HBI in 1993 reached 5.1 x 10 t. The primary DRI exporting countries were Venezuela, Russia, Malaysia, Trinidad, and India. The price of merchant HBI in 1993 was in the range of 125 to 167/1 on a deUvered basis. Although there are expectations that the value of merchant DRI should some day stand on its own, the historic price has been tied to the price of ferrous scrap. A general mle of thumb has been that the value of merchant DRI is comparable to prime scrap (No. 1 Bundles or No. 1 Bushelings) in industrial countries, and comparable to imported shredded scrap in developing countries (see RECYCLING, FERROUS METALS). [Pg.431]

English or Persian Walnuts. Walnuts are produced in more countries than any of the other tree nuts but production figures are unrehable. The United States is the leading producer of walnuts, at 234,913 t in 1990—1991 (valued at 279,720,000). Production, mostly in Califomia and Oregon, is nearly one-half of the world total. Many countries produce substantial quantities of walnuts. The USDA considers estimates of the commercial crop more rehable than the total yearly production figures, which in 1990—1991 were 152,500 t in China, 66,000 t in Turkey, 17,000 t in India, 13,000 t in Prance, and 12,000 t in Italy. Walnuts, both in-sheU and shelled, may be imported from many countries, eg. Prance, Italy, China, Turkey, and India. Most imported walnuts are smaller than domestic walnuts and are used by the confectionery and baking industries. [Pg.280]

Ilmenite is more abundant than mtile. Ilmenite world suppHes are estimated to meet the requirements of the Ti02 industry into the twenty-second century. The largest sources of ilmenite are in AustraHa, Canada, South Africa, Russia, and the United States. Large, unexplored sources also exist in China. About 9 million metric tons of ilmenite are mined aimuaHy. Long-term atmospheric effects weather ilmenite into leucoxene [1358-95-8], which contains most of its iron as Fe " . The majority of the world s supply of mtile comes from the beach sands of AustraHa, Florida, India, Bra2H, and South Africa. The total worldwide supply is estimated to be about 50 million metric tons. About 0.5 million tons are mined a year. The supply should last at least until the end of the twenty-first century. [Pg.7]

Almost all of the world s industrial research is conducted by companies from the United States, Japan, and Europe. Companies from these areas have accelerated the global dispersion of their R D since the mid-1980s (14—16) (Eig. 2). In the twenty-first century, other R D powers will emerge from India, China, the Asia—Pacific region, and Eastern Europe, unless these areas are dismpted by social, poUtical, and environmental forces (17). [Pg.126]

Rosin and its derivatives are economically the most important natural resins. Approximately 1150 x 10 metric tons of these materials are produced annually and sold throughout the world. The principal producers are the People s RepubHc of China (ca 40%) and the United States (ca 25%), followed by Russia. Most of the remainder is produced in Indonesia, Portugal, Finland, India, Bra2il, and Mexico. In 1996, the lowest grades of rosin were priced at 750/t. Most rosin is converted to its many derivatives to meet requirements for industrial appHcations. The principal producers of rosin derivatives are Ari2ona Chemical Company, Hercules Incorporated, Westvaco, Union Camp, and Georgia-Pacific. [Pg.142]

A more abundantiy produced substance is ethanol for use in alcohoHc beverages, and as a fuel, solvent, and feedstock for organic syntheses. Ethanol (qv) production from sucrose is carried out in Europe (eg, France and the Netherlands), India, Pakistan, China, and on a very large scale in Brazil, where it is used as a motor fuel. A valuable by-product of ethanol fermentation is industrial CO2 (see Carbon dioxide). [Pg.6]

Among the most important changes affecting the sulfur industry during the early 1990s were those that occurred in Eastern Europe and Asia, especially in China and India. As demand for food and fertilizers increased in Asia, so did the demand for sulfur. [Pg.122]

The pattern of commercial production of 1,3-butadiene parallels the overall development of the petrochemical industry. Since its discovery via pyrolysis of various organic materials, butadiene has been manufactured from acetylene as weU as ethanol, both via butanediols (1,3- and 1,4-) as intermediates (see Acetylene-DERIVED chemicals). On a global basis, the importance of these processes has decreased substantially because of the increasing production of butadiene from petroleum sources. China and India stiU convert ethanol to butadiene using the two-step process while Poland and the former USSR use a one-step process (229,230). In the past butadiene also was produced by the dehydrogenation of / -butane and oxydehydrogenation of / -butenes. However, butadiene is now primarily produced as a by-product in the steam cracking of hydrocarbon streams to produce ethylene. Except under market dislocation situations, butadiene is almost exclusively manufactured by this process in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. [Pg.347]

Activated alumina and phosphoric acid on a suitable support have become the choices for an iadustrial process. Ziac oxide with alumina has also been claimed to be a good catalyst. The actual mechanism of dehydration is not known. In iadustrial production, the ethylene yield is 94 to 99% of the theoretical value depending on the processiag scheme. Traces of aldehyde, acids, higher hydrocarbons, and carbon oxides, as well as water, have to be removed. Fixed-bed processes developed at the beginning of this century have been commercialized in many countries, and small-scale industries are still in operation in Brazil and India. New fluid-bed processes have been developed to reduce the plant investment and operating costs (102,103). Commercially available processes include the Lummus processes (fixed and fluidized-bed processes), Halcon/Scientific Design process, NIKK/JGC process, and the Petrobras process. In all these processes, typical ethylene yield is between 94 and 99%. [Pg.444]

The element of p.f. mainly affects the secondary distribution system which serves industries, agriculture, public utilities and domestic loads. Most of them are highly inductive and result in lowering the system p.f. These loads are largely responsible for most of the distribution losses and voltage fluctuations at the consumer end. In developing countries it is estimated that useful power is lost mainly due to transmission and distribution losses. In India, for instance, it is estimated to result in a loss of about 18-20% of the total useful povver, most of which occurs at the secondary distribution attributable to low p.f.s. [Pg.727]

Prasad, J. and Ambarani, V., Static VAr Compensator for Industries. BHEL. India, 59th R D Session. Feb (1994),... [Pg.808]

Trace element analysis has become sufficiently important, especially to industrial users, that commercial laboratories specialising in trace and ultratrace elemental analysis are springing up. One such company specialises in high-resolution glow-discharge mass spectromety , which can often go, it is claimed, to better than parts per billion. This company s advertisements also offer a service, domiciled in India, to provide various forms of wet chemical analysis which, it is claimed, is now nearly impossible to find in the United States . [Pg.236]

The liabitat of Erythroxylon spp. is principally the western side of Soutl America, and although indigenous species occur in India, Africa anc Australia, they have no economic value. Two kinds of coca leaves ar< available in commerce, Bolivian or Huanuco leaves derived from E. coce Lam. and Peruvian or Truxillo leaves obtained from E. truxillense Rusby both are cultivated in Java. In South America coca leaves are chewee with lime by the Indians as a stimulant, and are exported to Europe foi use in medicine and for the preparation of cocaine, but the prineipal sourc< of coca leaves is Java. Crude cocaine is manufactured in South Americi and exported for refining and some aspects of this industry have beei discussed recently. ... [Pg.92]


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