Index of responsiveness

Toxicologic research (Chapter 8) on the effects of ozone in laboratory animals has demonstrated that exposure to airborne ozone at less than 1 ppm for a few hours produces numerous changes in cell and organ structure and function. The lowest concentrations that produce these changes differ somewhat among different species of laboratory animals and with the effect under observation. However, several functional and morphologic indexes of response to ozone are altered with exposures to concentrations of about 0.2-0.5 ppm over periods ranging from a few minutes to several weeks. 

Management safety culture means the employer s commitment and leadership in making a safer workplace environment. In this research, our empirical measure of management safety culture is a Likert scale index of responses to the following issues ... 

Up to this point, we have calculated the linear response of the medium, a polarization oscillating at the frequency m of the applied field. This polarization produces its own radiation field that interferes with the applied optical field. Two familiar effects result a change in tlie speed of the light wave and its attenuation as it propagates. These properties may be related directly to the linear susceptibility The index of... 

It is seen that errors in the smaller component can be as great as 12.5% (1.25% absolute) when the response index is 0.94. Yet on examining the curve for a response index of 0.94 in figure 2 the non-linearity is scarcely apparent. When the response index is 1.05 the error is 9.5% (0.95% absolute) and again the poor linearity is not obvious in figure 2. As already stated, to obtain accurate results without employing a correction factor, the response index should lie between 0.98 and 1.02. Most LC detectors can be designed to meet this linearity criteria. 

The normalization method is the easiest and most straightforward to use but, unfortunately, it is also the least likely to be appropriate for most LC analyses. To be applicable, the detector must have the same response to all the components of the sample. An exceptional example, where the normalization procedure is frequently used, is in the analysis of polymers by exclusion chromatography using the refractive index detector. The refractive index of a specific polymer is a constant for all polymers of that type having more than 6 monomer units. Under these conditions normalization is the obvious quantitative method to use. 

Another common liver disease, alcoholic liver damage produced by moderate to heavy alcoholic intake, is also reflected by an elevation of the serum GOT and GPT activities. The serim glutamyl transferase activity is reported to be a sensitive index of alcoholic intake and can serve to monitor persons on alcoholic withdrawal programs (60). The LD-5 isoenzyme arises mainly from liver tissue, but has a short half-life (61), which is about 1/5 and 1/2 of the half life of the transaminases, GPT and GOT respectively. Some authors consider that a normal LD-5 isoenzyme activity in a jaundiced patient is sufficient evidence to exclude primary liver disease and that obstruction is probably responsible for the jaundice (62). In hemolytic jaundice the LDH-1 and 2 isoenzymes are elevated. 

As our Index of relative biological response, we chose simply the fraction of liver tumors... 

Solvent — The transition energy responsible for the main absorption band is dependent on the refractive index of the solvent, the transition energy being lower as the refractive index of the solvent increases. In other words, the values are similar in petroleum ether, hexane, and diethyl ether and much higher in benzene, toluene, and chlorinated solvents. Therefore, for comparison of the UV-Vis spectrum features, the same solvent should be used to obtain all carotenoid data. In addition, because of this solvent effect, special care should be taken when information about a chromophore is taken from a UV-Vis spectrum measured online by a PDA detector during HPLC analysis. 

Zinc protoporphyrin IX is a normal metabolite that is formed in trace amounts during haem biosynthesis. However, in iron deficiency or in impaired iron utilization, zinc becomes an alternative substrate for ferrochelatase and elevated levels of zinc protoporphyrin IX, which has a known low affinity for oxygen, are formed. This zinc-for-iron substitution is one of the first biochemical responses to iron depletion, and erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin is therefore a very sensitive index of bone-marrow iron status (Labbe et ah, 1999). In addition, zinc protoporphyrin may regulate haem catabolism by acting as a competitive inhibitor of haem oxygenase, the key enzyme of the haem degradation pathway. However, it has been reported... 

It has been suggested (Insam and Haselwandter 1989 Anderson and Domsch 1990) that the metabolic quotient can be used as an index of ecosystem development. As an ecosystem reaches maturity, selection pressure towards efficient use of available resources results in a larger microbial biomass with a lower metabolic quotient. Nonetheless, Wardle and Ghani (1995) concluded that qC02 can be insensitive to disturbance and ecosystem development, fails to distinguish between effects of disturbance and stress and does not decline predictably in response to ecosystem development wherever stress increases along successional gradients. 

---