Likert Scales

Perhaps the oldest and most widely used instrument is the Pynoos version of the PTSD Reaction Index. This semistructured interview instrument is also useful for making a categorical diagnosis of PTSD and has been used in a variety of studies, including those on natural disasters, criminal assault, and war trauma (Pynoos and Nader, 1987 Pynoos, 1994). It is a 20-item Likert-scale instrument that is straightforward, can be used as a self-report instrument in addition to its use as a structured interview, is time efficient, and provides useful cutoff scores for severity. 

Saxe and colleagues (1997) have developed the Child Stress Reaction Checklist, which is a 30-item, Likert-scale parent interview that assesses children s PTSD symptoms across the major symptom domains. Eor assessment of younger children in particular, Richters and colleagues (1990) have developed a cartoon interview to assess PTSD. Scheeringa et al. (1995) have devel-... 

You can use different assessment and rating schemes to determine which JTBDs should be a priority for innovation. One way to measure the importance of a job is by asking customers based on a Likert Scale (degree of importance to them), using sound sampling techniques. A Likert Scale can also work for assessing the level of satisfaction customers have with current solutions. 

The ASLE instrument includes 14 Likert scale items a summary of the statements is presented in Table 1. Twelve of the statements probe students perceptions of aspects of the experiment (such as interest, skill development, guidance from notes and demonstrators, and improved understanding of chemistry) the remaining two items concern the time available for the experiment, and ask for an overall rating of the experiment as a learning experience. In addition, the instrument includes five open-response items, which arc ... 

Table 1 Summary of ASLE Likert scale items ...

The only aspect of the MCQ with which participants might be unfamiliar is the 7-point Likert scale that is used to record responses to each statement of the MCQ. For this reason, it is important that all participants be given standard instructions before the study begins (see Note 2). Table 1 presents the 12-item MCQ its scoring is discussed in Note 3. 

A survey can have many different types of questions. Questions can be open-ended, or a Likert scale can be used to rate a series of statements. If a Likert scale is used for evaluation it should always consist of an odd number of possibilities. An example of a Likert scale consisting of an odd number of choices is ... 

By using a Likert scale mathematical values can easify be applied to the results and mai different statistical analyses can be performed. Some of these might be percent in each category, mean, standard deviation, and so on. 

One fact that you need to remember is that if a response falls in the lower portion of the Likert scale it is going to be very hard to move that cns-tomer past the middle. For some reason the customer s expectations have not been met. A detailed investigation of this customer will need to be done to try to nnderstand and identify the expectation that was missed and then develop a process that will meet or preferably exceed this expectatioa This can be a long and tedions process because mai of the customers that fall in this range may feel that no matter what changes are made, they will never be satisfied. Then the qnestion becomes how much time and money is the supplier willing to spend to wotk with this customer. 

All students in the treatment group responded to the survey. To interpret students responses to Likert-scale questions, each response category is assigned a numerical value as follows SA(5), A(4), NAD(3), D(2), and SD(1), then the average is calculated to represent the overall result for each question. Generally, the respondents have reported very high satisfaction by positive response, with an average value of... 

Management safety culture means the employer s commitment and leadership in making a safer workplace environment. In this research, our empirical measure of management safety culture is a Likert scale index of responses to the following issues ... 

Another way of measuring safety culture is simply to ask people through the use of strucmred surveys. Such surveys typically ask participants to answer a series of questions on a 5-point Likert scale ... 

The 55-item Likert scale was analysed using a principal components analysis and inspection of the scree plot indicated that six factors be rotated. A varimax rotation was performed on the six factors and the orthogonal factors generated are shown in Table 2. To create factor scores, item scores were aggregated for each factor and Cronbach s alphas were calculated to establish their reliability five of the factors had high enough alphas to allow the aggregated factors to be used in further analyses, and these factors are those shown in table 2. Factor 5 was difficult to interpret and had an alpha of only. 435, so it is omitted. 

---