INDEX immune response

Specific instances have been cited in which the antibody response served as a sensitive index of nutritional status. These observations have suggested a further exploration of the potentialities of the immune response as a measurement of performance in the evaluation of nutritional state. This technique may find a useful application in the detection of borderline clinical deficiencies. 

The combination of light-transmitting optical cable and miniature silicon sensors has resulted in the development of a new measurement technology for various industrial processes. Three variables may be measured with tins technique—temperature, pressure, and refractive index. The new systems are immune to electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference, they provide more accuracy in electrically noisy environments, and their miniature size improves response and causes minimal process disturbances. 

Formulation of the risk index for mixtures of substances that cause deterministic effects is considerably more complex than in the case of substances that cause stochastic effects discussed in the previous section. The added complexity arises from the threshold dose-response relationship for these substances and the need to keep track of the dose in each organ or tissue at risk in evaluating whether the dose in each organ is less than the allowable dose in that organ. For substances that cause deterministic responses, the index T can refer not only to a specific organ or tissue (e.g., the liver or skin) but also to a body system that may be affected by a particular chemical, such as the immune or central nervous system. 

Figure 6 Proliferation of T cells from mice immunized with nanoparticulate of soluble formulations in response to ex vivo stimulation with the recall antigen (tetanus toxoid). The T cells were derived from the mice immunized with TT and various doses of CpG ODN. The number of T cells and APCs incubated in the assay plate wells were 5x10 and 1x10 respectively. The recall proliferation response is shown on the y-axis as (A) CPM for clarity SI values are also given on the top of each bar (B) stimulation index for nanoparticulate (solid circles) and soluble (hollow circles) mode of vaccine delivery. Error bars indicate standard deviation. (From Ref. 135.)...

PHA (Stimulation index 14.8 in controls compared to 3.0 in folate deficient). An in vivo measurement of cell-mediated immune function (skin test sensitivity to intradermal PHA injection) showed a depressed response in the deficient animals based on the degree of mononuclear cell infiltration. 

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