INDEX approach

In equation 2.28 Up is the lower of the two minimum fluidizing velocities of the two types of particle in the mixture and Ufo is the velocity at which mixing takes over or begins to dominate segregation. Thus, as the superficial gas velocity in the bed is increased, the mixing index increases from M = 0 at the lower minimum fluidizing velocity (m = Mp), where the bed is quiescent with no particle movement because of the absence of bubbles, to M = 0.5 when, by definition, the velocity is equal to Uto- The mixing index approaches a value of unity as the velocity increases still further (Nienow and Chiba, 1985). 

Either way of expressing results can be used with either rotating or nonrotating test pieces but, normally, only the German standard rubber would be used with relative volume loss. In previous versions, only the abrasion index approach had the option of using a rotating test piece. 

Figure 6.14 A schematic representation of the index approach to identifying active compounds in libraries formed in solution...

Phenotypic trait measures based solely on the urinary excretion of 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone have also been reported based on the amount of metabolite excreted in zero to eight hours (278), or a hydroxylation index approach (279), or estimating the elimination half-life of the metabolite (280). However, the validity of these approaches is highly questionable, so they have not been widely applied. 

Reid, R.W. Vemure, V., "On the Non-Inferior Index Approach to Large Scale Multi-criteria Systems" Journal of the Franklin Institute 1971, 291, 4, 241. 

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors. Biesenberger (8) solved for the MWD with condensation polymerization in a CSTR, analogous to the treatment Denbigh (14) provided for the other two mechanisms. In this case, the variable residence time distribution leads to an extremely broad MWD with even the maximum weight fraction at the lowest molecular weight (monomer). The dispersion index approaches infinity as the condensation is driven to completion in a stirred tank reactor. A sequential analytical solution of the algebraic equations was obtained with a numerical evaluation of the consecutive equations. 

Some work has shown a direct correlation between shape factor and the flow properties of powders. The flowability of fine powders, as measured by a shear-cell as well as by Carr s method, was found to increase with increasing sphericity, where the sphericity is indicated by a shape index approaching one, as measured by an image analyzer. Huber and co-workers derived an equuation in which flow rate was correlated to the volume specific surface as measured by laser diffractometry. Reasonable predictions were made for individual powders as well as binary and ternary mixtures. 

In a manner analogous to the hazard index approach for noncarcinogens, hazard quotients for carcinogenic mixture components can be estimated by dividing chemical exposure levels by doses (DR) associated with a set level of cancer risk the HI is the sum of the HQ values [9,16] ... 

Hazard Index Approach A chemical mixtures risk assessment method where hazard quotients for component chemicals are only developed using the critical effect. Hazard quotient values are grouped by critical effect and summed. Multiple hazard indexes are developed, one for each affected target organ or system. 

Target Organ Toxicity Dose (TTD) A variant of the hazard index approach where effects for all components for all affected tissues. The target organ toxicity dose is summed regardless of whether they represent the critical effect or a secondary effect. Hazard index values are developed for each affected organ or system. 

Mumtaz MM, Poirier KA, Colman JT. Risk assessment for chemical mixtures Fine-tuning the hazard index approach. J Clean Technol Environ Toxicol Occup Med 1997 6 189-204. 

The THBR is derived from a version of the T3 or T4 uptake test. Uptake tests are used to estimate the number of unoccupied (unsaturated) thyroid hormone bindhig sites on serum proteins. This information is important because variations in total thyroid hormone concentrations in blood, as discussed previously, have resulted from changes in binding protein concentrations. Values obtained by uptake methods are expressed as a THBR, which is directly proportional to the free hormone fraction (within limits). Measurement of THBR, in conjunction with a total hormone concentration, is a clinically useful indirect method for calculating the FT4 (or FT3) index. The index approach is particularly useful in patients with nonthyroidal illness in whom FT4 immunoassay methodologies are unreliable. Specifically, TT4 measurement is more diagnostically useful in such patients provided that values are interpreted in accord with the severity of illness in the patient that is indirectly reflected by abnormalities in THBR. 

DICVOL91 has an indexing approach based on the dichotomy method, introduced by Louer and Louer. Shirley defined this method as probably the optimal exhaustive strategy in parameter-space . The original version of the program was written for orthorhombic and higher symmetry. Later, the method was extended to monoclinic and to triclinic symmetry. ... 

Various performance indices have been suggested [54, 53, 149, 20, 148] and several approaches have been proposed for estimating the performance index for SISO systems, including the normalized performance index approach [53], the three estimator approach [175[, and the filtering and correlation analysis (FCOR) approach [115[. A model free approach for linear quadratic CPM from closed-loop experiments that uses spectrum analysis of the input and output data has been suggested [136]. Implementation of SISO loop based CPM tools for refinery-wide control loop performance assessment has been reported [294]. 

A value for comparison between samples can be calculated, called the condensation index, Cl = (/0 — /) / 70 where I is fluorescence of the sample in the presence of TO-PRO-1 and 70 is flourescence of the DNA reference (17). Under conditions in which DNA is fully condensed, such as when bound to polylysine, the Cl index approaches 1.0. TO-PRO-1 is reported to be membrane impermeant therefore, the DNA could be protected from dye binding by the lipids and yet still not be condensed in the rigorous sense of the term (109-111). 

Mesogenic PEIs are obtained when m-aminophenol is replaced by p-ami-nophenol. A mesophase is correctly predicted in all four polymers of series 11 in Table 23. Each of the four different aromatic acids from ether diphenyl (MI score=l) to ether phenyl diphenyl (MI score=4) gives rise to a mesophase, unlike the series with pyromellitic. The Mesogenic Index approach confirms that BPTA is a much stronger mesogen than pyromellitic diimide. In fact, it predicts that if the fourth co-monomer in series 11 was an aliphatic spacer, a mesophase would still be obtained. 

According to Eqs. 3.10 and 3.13, the inlet of a confluent stream promotes a decrease in the recorded peak height, h, and an increase in sample width, a (Fig. 5.15), but these effects are only evident for systems with limited sample dispersion. In this situation, larger sample volumes are used, the saturation index approaches unity, and sample dispersion occurring after the confluence site is very low [84]. Consequently, modifications in h and a caused by confluence addition cannot be compensated downstream, and manifest themselves in the shape of the recorded peaks (see also Fig. 5.16, right). 

The influence of the site where the confluent stream is added is shown in Fig. 5.17, which refers to two extreme situations. For large dispersion, the saturation index tends to unity and the influence of this parameter is irrelevant. On the other hand, when high sensitivity is required, the system is designed with a saturation index approaching zero, so that the site of the confluent stream addition becomes relevant, as described above. 

The index approach presented provides a simple strategy for integrated evaluation of impacts on wetlands, using soil biogeochemical processes and parameters as potential indicators. Although... 

The introduction of an index approach to portfotio management has marked a fundamental shift in the way fixed income portfolios are managed in Europe. Increasingly, fund managers and, more importantly, chief investment officers are looking to measure the performance of portfolios and portfolio managers in an objective fashion. We believe that the best way to approach the problem is to adopt a beat the benchmark approach. 

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