INDEX Aliphatic acids

Chakactkrisation of Unsaturatkd Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Unlike the saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid and exhibit characteristic reactions with dUute potassium permanganate solution and with bromine. Nevertheless, no satisfactory derivatives have yet been developed for these hydrocarbons, and their characterisation must therefore be based upon a determination of their physical properties (boiling point, density and refractive index). The physical properties of a number of selected unsaturated hydrocarbons are collected in Table 111,11. 

Ethers are unaffected by sodium and by acetyl (or benzoyl) chloride. Both the purely aliphatic ethers e.g., di-n-butyl ether (C4H, )30 and the mixed aliphatic - aromatic ethers (e.g., anisole C3HSOCH3) are encountered in Solubility Group V the purely aromatic ethers e.g., diphenyl ether (C,Hj)20 are generally insoluble in concentrated sulphuric acid and are found in Solubility Group VI. The purely aliphatic ethers are very inert and their final identification may, of necessity, depend upon their physical properties (b.p., density and/or refractive index). Ethers do, however, suffer fission when heated with excess of 67 per cent, hydriodic acid, but the reaction is generally only of value for the characterisation of symmetrical ethers (R = R ) ... 

This group has examples of many types of acids derived from aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic radicals, with carboxylic, phenolic or sulfonic or related functional substituents. Individually indexed acids are ... 

Clearly, Greek or Latin numeral roots in conjunction with numerical locants can be used to indicate the number and positions of fluorine substituents in any type of organo-fluorine compound or group, ranging from monofluorinated systems, e.g. 2-fluorobutane (1), to perfluorinated entities, e.g. l,l,l,2.2,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro-3-iodobutane(2). Fluorine locants may be omitted, and often are in non-indexing situations when naming simple and therefore easily visualized fully fluorinated aliphatic/cycloaliphatic or monocyclic aromatic compounds or groups, e.g. octafluoropropane (3), hexafluorocyclopropane (4), pentafluoropropanoic acid, (5). pentafluorophenyl (6). 

Because methylene-interrupted polyunsaturates do not have strongly absorbing chromo-phores in the UV region, detection by refractive index or far-UV detection (205-214 nm) has been utilized in RP-HPLC separations of free fatty acids and their aliphatic esters. Refractive index detection is less sensitive than UV detection. However, with far-UV detection, solvents absorbing UV below 210 cannot be used. The RP-HPLC separations reported to date have generally involved derivatization designed to incorporate aromatic chromophores allowing detection by fluorescence or UV detection. 

The first practical refractive index detector was described by TiseUus and Claesson [1] in 1942 and, despite its limited sensitivity and its use being restricted to separations that are isocratically developed, it is stiU probably the fifth most popular detector in use today. Its survival has depended on its response, as it can be used to detect any substance that has a refractive index that differs from that of the mobile phase. It follows that it has value for monitoring the separation of such substances as aliphatic alcohols, acids, carbohydrates, and the many substances of biological origin that do not have ultraviolet (UV) chromophores, do not fluoresce, and are nonionic. 

Properties Water-white liquid offensive odor. Oxidizes on exposure to air supplied under nitrogen atmosphere. D 1.080 (15.5/15.5C), refr index 1.5815 (25C), fp—15C, bp 169C. Insoluble in water very soluble in aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Hazard Store out of contact with air and acids. Toxic by inhalation. TLV 0.5 ppm. 

The processing of polymers should occur with dry materials and with control of the atmosphere so that oxidative reactions may be either avoided, to maintain the polymer s molar mass, or exploited to maximize scission events (in order to raise the melt-flow index). The previous sections have considered the oxidative degradation of polymers and its control in some detail. What has not been considered are reactions during processing that do not involve oxidation but may lead to scission of the polymer chain. Examples include the thermal scission of aliphatic esters by an intramolecular abstraction (Scheme 1.51) (Billingham et al., 1987) and acid- or base- catalysed hydrolysis of polymers such as polyesters and polyamides (Scheirs, 2000). If a polymer is not dry, the evolution of steam at the processing temperature can lead to physical defects such as voids. However, there can also be chemical changes such as hydrolysis that can occur under these conditions. 

Mesogenic PEIs are obtained when m-aminophenol is replaced by p-ami-nophenol. A mesophase is correctly predicted in all four polymers of series 11 in Table 23. Each of the four different aromatic acids from ether diphenyl (MI score=l) to ether phenyl diphenyl (MI score=4) gives rise to a mesophase, unlike the series with pyromellitic. The Mesogenic Index approach confirms that BPTA is a much stronger mesogen than pyromellitic diimide. In fact, it predicts that if the fourth co-monomer in series 11 was an aliphatic spacer, a mesophase would still be obtained. 

Regulation (EEC) No. 2568/91 (entry into force 8/9/1991) makes clear that the characteristics of the oils shall be determined in accordance with the methods of analysis set out below (a) for the determination of the free fatty acids, expressed as the percentage of oleic acid, (b) for the determination of the peroxide index, (c) for the determination of aliphatic alcohols, (d) for the... 

Within the last two decades, a number of chemical structures have been proposed as metal deactivators for polyolefins. These include carboxylic acid amides of aromatic mono- and di-carboxylic acids and N-substituted derivatives such as N,N -diphenyloxamide, cyclic amides such as barbituric acid, hydrazones and bishydrazones of aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde or of o-hydroxy-arylketones, hydrazides of aliphatic and aromatic mono- and di-carboxylic acids as well as N-acylated derivatives thereof, bisacylated hydrazine derivatives, polyhydrazides, and phosphorus acid ester of a thiobisphenol. An index of trade names and suppliers of a few commercial metal deactivators is given in Appendix A4. 

Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.105,176.180,176.210,177.2600 Properties Colorless, tacky resin mild pleasant odor sol. in common org. soivs. incl. alcohols, esters, ketones, chlorinated soivs., aliphatic, aromatic or terpene hydrocarbons insol. in water sp.gr. 1.008 vise. 6500 mPa s (50 C) acid no. 0.1 sapon. no. 26 ref. index 1.5236 (20 C) 83% act. 

Properties Gardner Z3-Z4 liq. mild odor completely sol. in esters, most ketones and glycol ether soivs. sol. < 1% in water insol. in aliphatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, terpene hydrocarbons sp.gr. 1.192 vise. 5000 cst vapor pressure < 0.001 mm Hg (20 C) acid no. 30-35 sapon. no. 512 flash pt. (COC) 315 C fire pt. 338 C ref. index... 

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