Indented format

The following examples are presented in paragraph indention format. 

In addition to the ALL, BIB and STD formats there are others which are preceded by an I. Those are the indented formats. They contain the field qualifers in a spelled out version. 

The physical processes that occur during indentation are schematically illustrated in Fig. 31. As the indenter is driven into the material, both elastic and plastic deformation occurs, which results in the formation of a hardness impression conforming to the shape of the indenter to some contact depth, h. During indenter withdrawal, only the elastic portion of the displacement is recovered, which facilitates the use of elastic solutions in modeling the contact process. 

Molecular dynamics (MD) permits the nature of contact formation, indentation, and adhesion to be examined on the nanometer scale. These are computer experiments in which the equations of motion of each constituent particle are considered. The evolution of the system of interacting particles can thus be tracked with high spatial and temporal resolution. As computer speeds increase, so do the number of constituent particles that can be considered within realistic time frames. To enable experimental comparison, many MD simulations take the form of a tip-substrate geometry correspoudiug to scauniug probe methods of iuvestigatiug siugle-asperity coutacts (see Sectiou III.A). 

While the fluid mosaic model of membrane stmcture has stood up well to detailed scrutiny, additional features of membrane structure and function are constantly emerging. Two structures of particular current interest, located in surface membranes, are tipid rafts and caveolae. The former are dynamic areas of the exo-plasmic leaflet of the lipid bilayer enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids they are involved in signal transduction and possibly other processes. Caveolae may derive from lipid rafts. Many if not all of them contain the protein caveolin-1, which may be involved in their formation from rafts. Caveolae are observable by electron microscopy as flask-shaped indentations of the cell membrane. Proteins detected in caveolae include various components of the signal-transduction system (eg, the insutin receptor and some G proteins), the folate receptor, and endothetial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Caveolae and lipid rafts are active areas of research, and ideas concerning them and their possible roles in various diseases are rapidly evolving. 

Hardness is determined by hardness tests which involve the measurement of a material s resistance to surface penetration by an indentor with a force applied to it The indentation process occurs by plastic deformation of metals and alloys. Hardness is therefore inherently related to plastic flow resistance of these materials. Brittle materials, such as glass and ceramics at room temperature, can also be subjected to hardness testing by indentation. This implies that these materials are capable of plastic flow, at least at the microscopic level. However, hardness testing of brittle materials is frequently accompanied by unicrack formation, and this fact makes the relationship between hardness and flow strength less direct than it is for metals. 

B3, W3) while the rear is indented or dimpled. Skirt formation may also occur, as discussed in Section D. The wake angle for spherical-caps (expressed in degrees) is well represented by the empirical equation... 

For systems in which skirt formation can occur and is slightly less than required for skirt formation, large bubbles or drops tend to be indented at the rear. Skirt formation occurs when viscous forces acting at the rim or corner of the dimpled bubble or drop are strong enough to overcome interfacial tension forces and pull the rim out into a thin sheet (B3, H5, Wl, W5). The onset of skirts is dependent both on the ratio We/Re = fiUj/a, sometimes called a capillary or skirt number, and on Re. Figure 8.4 shows data for the transition from unskirted to skirted bubbles or drops. For bubbles, skirts exist for Re > 9 and... 

The recipient s name, company, address, and salutation are all left-justified. Each paragraph of the body of the letter is left-justified and indented. The date, closing, and signature are each aligned down the middle of the page. This is probably the least common format used for business letters. 

Many companies accept electronic resumes in Microsoft Word or WordPerfect file formats. When creating your electronic resume using one of these software packages, pay careful attention to what format the finished document needs to be saved in before sending it to an employer. The majority of employers prefer to receive resumes in ASCII or Rich Text Format. Once you save your resume in a file format other than the program s proprietary format, you will probably have to further edit it in order to fix lost formatting (such as indentation or italics). 

Fig. 6.2.12. (a) Schematic diagram of the indentation on the sectioning crack, s—s. (b), (c) and (d) illustrate the three types of flow-line intersections and (e) is a schematic diagram of kink formation at A and the suppression of slip on kinked flow lines. (After Hagan, 1980)... 

Since the strain arising from an ideal sharp indenter cannot be wholly elastic (as is the case with a blunt indenter), a number of new specific features of failure of a particular material may arise, especially in the early stages of crack formation under the influence of surface penetration at low loads. It is reasonable to suppose at the same time that as the crack region extends widely below the contact zone, the influence of indenter geometry should become significant. 

Palmquist S., 1962, Occurrence of crack formation during Vickers indentation as a measure of the toughness of hard metals, Arch. Eisenhuettenwes., 33 (9) 629-633. 

LGMs of the AT/alumina and AT/ZTA displayed some very interesting properties which include excellent machinability, low thermal expansion coefficient, improved thermal shock resistance, low hardness (about 5 GPa), low Young s modulus (E) (250 GPa) and excellent flaw tolerance [Pratapa, 1997 Pratapa Low, 1998 Skala, 2000 Manurung, 2001], These materials appeared to display a large degree of near-surface quasi-plasticity under the Hertzian or the Vickers indenter which effectively inhibits the formation and propagation of cracks. The ductile behaviour of these materials was... 

SEM images of the deformation around an indentation in a 90 im thick MWCNT-AI203 composite prepared by in situ formation of CNTs within the regular and very well aligned pores of an alumina membrane, (a) array of the shear bands formed, (b) close up view of lateral buckling or collapse of the CNTs in one shear band. ... 

Note that the distances between the markers located in the Ni phase did not change in the course of annealing, indicative of no formation of a solid solution of bismuth in nickel. The distances between the markers located in the Bi phase remained unchanged as well. Also, no changes in size or configuration of the microhardness indentations were observed in either phases. Hence, the components are indeed mutually insoluble at 150-250 °C. 

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