Incubation parameter

Process simulation test containers should be incubated at suitable incubation parameters. 

Incubation parameters should be identical to those of the test medium. 

Cell studies were carried out in three different cell lines. Experimental parameters such as cell number, tracer concentration (5nM of Lu-DOTATATE per tube) and incubation parameters (pH, time and temperature) were identical for all experiments. Table 8.3 shows the extent of tracer uptake in the different cell lines. AR42J cells showed the highest uptake of the three cell lines studied. No significant inhibition in binding due to the addition of cold peptide was observed. The results depicted in Table 8.3 are indicative of the higher somatostatin receptor expression on AR42J cells than on HT-29 and MCF-7 cells. 

Angle of incidence Gaussian beam radius Spatial coordinate Spatial coordinate Incubation parameter... 

Table 2 Modification thresholds H,h(N) and incubation parameters for the treatment of different polymers with laser pulses of t=150 fs and 1=800 nm [66]...

In Figure 6.6 we have used sugar feed rate as an example of a pre-set feed pattern. In practice we can adjust a wide variety of parameters during the incubation. 

Incubation control necessitates the precise control of several influential parameters ... 

The classical Chinese method consists of inoculating steamed rice grains spread on big trays with a strain of Monascus anka and incubating in an aerated and temperature-controlled room for 20 days. In these types of cultures, moisture content, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels in the gas environment, as well as cereal medium composition, are the most important parameters to conhol. 

Mesocosms placed in shallow Finnish lakes were used to evaluate changes brought about by extended incubation of biologically treated bleachery effluent from mills that used chloride dioxide. The mesocosms had a volume of ca. 2 m and were constructed of translucent polyethere or black polyethene to simulate dark reactions. The experiments were carried out at ambient temperatures throughout the year, and sum parameters were used to trace the fate of the organically bound chlorine. In view of previous studies on the molecular mass distribution of effluents (Jokela and Salkinoja-Salonen 1992), this was measured as an additional marker. Important featmes were that (a) sedimentation occurred exclusively within the water mass within the mesocosm, (b) the atmospheric input could be estimated... 

This is an important parameter particularly for naturally occurring mixed cultures of organisms in the natural environment temperature may result in important changes in the composition of the microbial flora as well as on the rates for different processes. An illustrative example of its importance includes the following. An anaerobic sediment sample was incubated with... 

Differences in integration time scales may also affect our perception of key derived parameters such as the ThE ratio (Cochran et al. 2000). This ratio (see above) compares the POC flux derived from water column " Th profiles (and thus integrating into the past) with present primary production. As classically measured using incubation techniques, primary production is an instantaneous measurement representing the phytoplankton community as sampled at a single time. Under bloom conditions, the export of POC may lag the production of fresh organic matter and ThE ratios calculated late in a bloom may be overestimates. 

E I is a kinetic chimera Kj and kt are the constants characterizing the inactivation process kt is the first-order rate constant for inactivation at infinite inhibitor concentration and K, is the counterpart of the Michaelis constant. The k,/K, ratio is an index of the inhibitory potency. The parameters K, and k, are determined by analyzing the data obtained by using the incubation method or the progress curve method. In the incubation method, the pseudo-first-order constants /cobs are determined from the slopes of the semilogarithmic plots of remaining enzyme activity... 

If initial solute uptake rate is determined from intestinal tissue incubated in drug solution, uptake must be normalized for intestinal tissue weight. Alternative capacity normalizations are required for vesicular or cellular uptake of solute (see Section VII). Cellular transport parameters can be defined either in terms of kinetic rate-time constants or in terms of concentration normalized flux [Eq. (5)]. Relationships between kinetic and transport descriptions can be made on the basis of information on solute transport distances. Note that division of Eq. (11) or (12) by transport distance defines a transport resistance of reciprocal permeability (conductance). 

Soil redox also strongly affects solubility of the compounds of other trace elements in arid soils. Amrhein et al. (1993) found that Fe, Mn, Ni and V in an evaporation pond soil were more soluble under reducing conditions. Han and Banin (2000) reported that after one year of saturated incubation, the solubility of Fe, Mn, Co, V, Ni, Cu and Zn in two Israeli arid soils with 0.5-23% CaC03 increased, while the solubility of Cd decreased with time. During saturated incubation, soil pH in highly calcareous arid soil containing high content of carbonates decreased. In a loessial soil from Israel, Han and Banin (1996) reported that soil pH decreased from 8.0 to 7.0-7.4 over saturated incubation. With the decrease in Eh over incubation, the parameter pe+pH also decreased from initial values of 12-13.6 to 4 after initial 7-9 days of saturation incubation. 

Figure 6.23. Changes of the redox parameter (pe + pH) in two Israeli arid soils during saturated paste incubation (after Han and Banin, 1996. Reprinted from Soil Sci Soc Am J, 60, Han F.X., Banin A., Solid-phase manganese fractionation changes in saturated arid-zone soils Pathways and kinetics, p 1076, Copyright (1996), with permission from Soil Sci Soc Am)...

Manganese transformations can be seen from changes in the equilibrium parameters of the various fractions (Utf,) and the whole soil (Ute) with time of incubation under saturation (Fig. 6.25). In both soils incubated under the saturation condition, the Utf parameters of the EXC and the CARB fractions increased and departed from the native state (Utf.Exc and... 

The soil equilibrium parameter, Uts, measures the departure from the Mn fractionation in the oxic native soil, which is caused by the saturation and incubation of the soil. This parameter can acquire values equal to or larger than one. Compared to the native state, an increase in the Uts indicates that some fraction(s) have been grossly enriched in Mn. Note the fact that a fraction that has lost some Mn will only reduce its own contribution to the Uts value, but its contribution will not be subtracted from that of the other fraction(s) since the product F, xUtfi can not acquire negative values. 

In 1991 Shi et al. published their seminal observation that high-temperature incubation of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections in buffers for short periods led to improved immunohistochemical staining.1 However, more than 15 years later, heat-induced antigen retrieval (AR) remains largely an empirical procedure, requiring the optimization of several critical parameters by trial and error.2,3 Further improvements in AR will require an in-depth understanding of the chemistry of formaldehyde fixation and the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the AR method. 

Prion transmission between species is limited by a barrier. A species barrier restricts transmission of prion disease between different mammalian species. On primary passage of prions from species A to species B, usually not all inoculated animals of species B develop disease, and those that do have much longer and more variable incubation periods than those that are seen with transmission of prions within the same species. On second passage of infectivity to further animals of the species B, transmission parameters resemble within-species transmissions, with most if not all animals developing the disease with short and consistent incubation periods. Species barriers can therefore be quantified by measuring the fall... 

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