In oils and greases

Anti-oxidants are the most extensively used additives and will be found in oils and greases which are expected to operate for considerable periods or under conditions that would promote oxidation. Typical examples are crankcase oils and bearing greases. 

Barium hydroxide (hydrate) [Ba(OH)2] exists in several forms and has many uses in oil and grease additives, water treatment, vulcanization of rubber, and the manufacture of soaps, beet sugar, glass, and steel. 

In recent years, many of the technologically outdated methods of 40 CFR Part 136 have been upgraded to incorporate the latest advances in instrumental analysis. For example, capillary chromatographic columns with superior compound resolution replaced obsolete packed columns in gas chromatography (GC) and GC/MS analytical methods Freon 113, a chlorofluorocarbon harmful to the environment, was phased out as the extraction solvent in oil and grease analysis and replaced with hexane in Method 1664 (EPA, 1999b). 

The basic tenet of cleaning is like dissolves like. Polar solutions dissolve polar materials and vice versa for nonpolar solutions. Crystals cannot dissolve in oils, and grease cannot be cleaned by water. Lubricants based on chlorofluorocarbons require chlorofluorocarbon solvents for cleaning. Thus, for effective cleaning, you must know what you are cleaning to have an effective plan of (cleaning) attack. 

The covalent compounds that are found in oil and grease are insoluble in water. They have no ions or highly polar bonds, so they cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Non-polar compounds tend to be soluble in non-polar solvents, such as benzene or kerosene. The forces between the solute molecules are replaced by the forces between the solute and solvent molecules. 

Gansheimer, J. and Holinski, R., MoSj in Oils and Greases under Boundary Conditions, ASME Trans., Ser. F., J. Lubric. Tech., 95, 242, (1973). 

C—O, and a long nonpolar tail, CH3(CH2)i5—. The head of the stearate ion is compatible with ( soluble in ) water, whereas the hydrocarbon tail is compatible with ( soluble in ) oil and grease. Groups of such ions can be dispersed in water because they form micelles (Figure 14-2 la). Their water-insoluble tails are in the interior of a micelle and their polar heads on the outside where they can interact with the polar water molecules. When sodium stearate is stirred into water, the result is not a true solution. Instead it contains negatively charged micelles of stearate ions, surrounded by the positively... 

Yes, and quite an important part. Fats are made from long-chained hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid group at one end. These are called fatty acids, and the sodium salts of these are often used as soaps and detergents, because one part of the molecule is soluble in water while the other part is soluble in oil and greases (see p27l). 

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