In medical and pharmaceutical research

Liposomes have aroused interest in a great variety of areas from biochemistry and molecular biology to cosmetics and food technology. One of the most salient applications of liposomes has been promoted by their high similarity to natural cell membranes, for which they are extensively used as substitutes in medical and pharmaceutical research. Since their inception, liposomes have often been used as models for studying the nature of cell membranes, the structure and functions of which they can mimic quite closely. One example is the determination of membrane distribution coefficients of drugs with a view to estimate their ability to penetrate cells. Interactions between analytes and phospholipid membranes depend on the characteristics of both the analytes and the membrane. 

Genetically Modified Mice in Medical and Pharmaceutical Research... 

The pharmacist should initiate, participate in, and support medical and pharmaceutical research appropriate to the goals, objectives, and resources of the specific hospital. 

There has been a surge of research activity in the physical chemistry of membranes, bilayers, and vesicles. In addition to the fundamental interest in cell membranes and phospholipid bilayers, there is tremendous motivation for the design of supported membrane biosensors for medical and pharmaceutical applications (see the recent review by Sackmann [64]). This subject, in particular its biochemical aspects, is too vast for full development here we will only briefly discuss some of the more physical aspects of these systems. The reader is referred to the general references and some additional reviews [65-69]. 

The foundation for the more rational approach to drug discovery that is practised today comes from basic research into disease processes and medical conditions. Much of this research is carried out in universities and other research institutions, with funding coming from both government and pharmaceutical industry sponsors. 

However, recent progress in both radiation and polymer researches indicates a dramatic change in the circumstance of this research field, and the trend has been rapidly expanding, especially in the last decade. Polymers will be used not only as structural materials but also as electronic, optical, medical, and pharmaceutical materials, and radiation will be a powerful candidate to manipulate the structure and property of polymers. In this section, the... 

Genomics, functional genomics and proteomics, with their enabfing technologies (biological and biochemical methods, instrumentation, automation techniques and databases), are revolutionizing research in biology and pharmaceutical and medical fields. 

CWC, Article X, paragraph 2. States were allowed to produce 1 ton annually of chemical agents for research, medical and pharmaceutical or protective purposes. Monitoring of these activities is detailed in CWC Verification Annex, Part IV, Sections A-E. 

The contribution of in silico models to the field of drug discovery for infectious diseases has not previously been comprehensively reviewed in the literature. Hence we think this book should be of interest to all those involved in the study and treatment of infectious diseases, including academic researchers, students, industrial and pharmaceutical scientists, and other healthcare professionals. In addition, each chapter in the book covers a unique in silico technique and hence the book could also be used in the microbiology and immunology curricula in medical and graduate schools. 

The studies used for the application should comply with GLP, GCP and the standards of reliability of application documents, and they should be appropriately performed by experienced researchers in facilities with sufficient equipment and performed based on the academic standards in the medical and pharmaceutical fields. 

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