In manures

Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (TiM-BOR) is registered for a variety of pests including termites, wood destroying beeties, and carpenter ants. This same compound is also used to control fly larvae in manure piles and is marketed as POLYBOR 3 for this apphcation. 

Jjemba PK (2002) The potential impact of veterinary and human therapeutic agents in manure and biosolids on plants grown on arable land a review. Agric Ecosyst Environ 93 267-278... 

Wang P.X., Qu E.F. A preliminary study on the chemical forms and availability of Nickel in manured loessial soil. Proceedings of the international symposium on the role of... 

The main source of hormones is thus the excretions of the human population and livestock. The make-up and rate of hormone excretion by humans and animals varies as a function of their sex, age, state of reproduction and development, and for animals, their species (Table 3 [67, 79-83]). Human excretions are generally collected in sewers, while animal hormones are concentrated in manure thus, high levels of free and conjugated estrogens have been measured in raw sewage and manure [67, 79, 84-88]. Human hormones will eventually enter the environment mainly via wastewater treatment plants while hormones produced by animals reach the environment via direct excretion in fields or by manure spreading (treated or not) on the land. 

Kim K-R, Owens G, Ok YS, Park W-K, Lee DB, Kwon S-I (2012) Decline of extractable antibiotics in manure-based composts during composting. Waste Manage 32 110-116... 

Strategies for reducing pathogen loads in manure through manure processing... 

Islam M, Morgan J, Doyle M P and Jiang X (2004b), Fate of Escherichia coli 0157 H7 in manure compost-amended soil and on carrots and onions grown in an environmentally controlled growth chamber , Journal of Food Protection, 67 (3), 574—578. 

Odoriferous polyphenol compounds may be present initially in manure or result from the anaerobic transformation of animal waste. Recently, HRP C and minced... 

No detectable residues in milk and tissues, except liver (0.01 mg/kg FW) liver residues remained detectable after a 7-day withdrawal period No detectable residues in milk and tissues, except liver (0.08 mg/kg FW) liver residues remained detectable after a 7-day withdrawal period Liver residue of 0.54 mg/kg FW remained elevated after a 7-day withdrawal period residues in milk reached 0.013 mg/L within the first few days of feeding and declined to nondetectable (ND) levels after a 4-day withdrawal period No detectable residues in any tissue. Tb 1/2 of 4-5 days in manure manure gave >95% control of larvae of the face fly, Musca autumnalis No detectable residues in any tissue except omental fat (0.1 mg/kg FW). No houseflies (Musca domestica) or face flies developed in manure No detectable diflubenzuron residues in heart, muscle, or kidney 130 pg/kg FW in liver about 250 pg/kg FW in subcutaneous fat... 

Miller, R.W., C., Corley, and K.R. Hill. 1975. Feeding TH 6040 to chickens effect on larval house flies in manure and determination of residues in eggs. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 68 181-182. 

Miller, R.W., C. Corley, D.D. Oehler, and L.G. Pickens. 1976. Feeding TH 6040 to cattle residues in tissues and milk and breakdown in manure. Jour. Agricul. Food Chem. 24 687-688. 

Haematobia irritans) were controlled in manure of cattle fed famphur at 2.5 to 5.0 mg/kg BW daily (Ivey et al. 1976). Manure of treated cows contained low concentrations of famphur (as much as 0.14 mg/kg FW) 1 day after diet cessation, but residues were nondetectable thereafter (Henny etal. 1985). 

Tarkalson DD, Jolly VD, Robbins CW, Terry RE (1998) Mycorrhizal colonization and nutrient uptake of dry bean in manure and compost manure treated subsoil and untreated top and subsoil. J Plant Nutr 21 1867-1878... 

Thorsten C,Goldbach H (2003) Determination of antibiotic residues in manure, soil, and surface waters. 3rd international conference on pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting chemicals in water. Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn... 

It stands to reason that the highest risks occur in regions where a high cattle density coincides with a large number of pigs and poultry. In a region with 3 cows/ha the N production in manure is 250 kg/ha. If half of the mineral N is lost this means an emission of 60 kg N/ha. This is equal to the deposition in woodlands reported by van Breemen... 

Anaerobic digestion yields of the slurries are given in Table 2.5. Due to the higher proportion of lipids in manure, the methane production is higher than in wheat straw. The total amounts of lipid and protein, in particular, are lower in straw than in manure and thus the theoretical methane yield is significantly lower in wheat straw than in manure (Table 2.5). The average methane yields of manure and wheat straw were 14.7% and 10.4% of volatile solids, respectively (Demirbas and Ozturk, 2004). 

Com, leafy greens and root crops also do well in manured soil. Irish potatoes and sweet potatoes are exceptions. Irish potatoes tend to develop scab and sweet potatoes to crack when fertilized with manure. Peas and beans require httle if ary supplemental nitrogen and do not respond well to manure apphcations. 

IV. TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN PATHOGENS IN MANURE, SOIL, AND WATER TO THE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION CHAIN... 

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