Drying in the sun

Na nitrate occurs native in large deposits in the rainless districts of Chile, hence it is often called Chile saltpeter or Chile niter . The Na nitrate in the deposits constitutes from 20 to 50% in a distinct stratum of earth known as caliche . The caliche is crushed and lixiviated in large tanks of w heated by steam. The settled soln is run off to crystallizers, where crude nitrate separates, the mother liquors being run back to the lixiviators. The crysts are washed with a little w and dried in the sun they contain 95—96% Na nitrate (Ref 1)... 

Sulfur dioxide is a reducing bleach and can counter the effects of oxidizing bleaches, thus preserving color in fruits dried in the sun. The combination of fruit acids and ultraviolet light would otherwise react with the colorful compounds, making the fruit pale. 

Starch (Greek, amylon, Latin, amylum), is said by Dios-corides and Pliny to be made from wheat, the best coming from Egypt and Crete. It was prepared by soaking the grain in water about five times until thoroughly softened, the water finally drawn off and the wheat trodden out. The starch thus separated is washed, sieved and dried in the sun on new bricks. It must be dried quickly as when wet it soon sours. 

Almagra,37 (defined sometimes as a red earth, sometimes as brass, or as copper hole), acimar (that is, flos aeris, copper oxide), Atramentum ustum, roasted vitriol, roasted brass (mixture of copper and zinc oxides), rock salt, almisadir (sal ammoniac), saffron root or saffron itself—equal parts. All these are mixed with urine and dried in the sun. With this powder mix filings... 

Sherds from the Persian Period Stratum of Tell el-Hesi. The ceramic materials came from field I, areas 1, 2, 3, 11, 21, 31, in phases A, B, C of stratum V (Persian period). Field procedures called for the excavated sherds to be kept in buckets by loci. The buckets were filled with well water, and the sherds were allowed to soak overnight. Any remaining dirt on the sherds was scrubbed off with nylon brushes and clean well water. Washed sherds were dried in the sun, and representative types were selected to be registered, labelled, and drawn. 

Cloves are the dried unopen flower bud of an evergreen tree belonging to the Myrtle family. Cloves must be picked just before the blossoms open themselves to have the bud present then the spice is dried in the sun. 

BC Ceramics are More than Clay Alone The discovery that a mixture of mammoth fat and mammoth bone, to which bone ash and loess have been added, has plastic properties. The mixture could be moulded into certain shapes and dried in the sun. The material was brittle and heatproof. The beginning of ceramics From 1995 until 1998 a research at the department of chemistry of the University of Bristol which was called New criteria for the identification of animal fats from prehistoric pottery . 

Later man started to build with blocks of dried clay. The first (baked) bricks were found in and near the area which is now called the Middle East. Catal Hiiyiik used to be a city on the Anatolia plateau in the centre of Turkey. According to archeologists it probably dates from approximately 8300 BC. For reasons as yet unknown the city was abandoned at around 5600 BC. Its houses had cornerposts of wood and cross beams. The rest of the wall consisted of loam bricks. However, loam has the annoying property that it disintegrates easily in a humid atmosphere. For that reason the houses needed to be repaired after every rainy season. At approximately 8000 BC a people in Jericho built round houses of hand-made loam bricks which were dried in the sun. Around 7500 BC people already knew how to make mortar. They probably heated limestone and mixed the thus formed burned lime with sand and water. In that case the following reactions occur ... 

White tea is produced in a manner different from all other teas. The leaves come from special varietal bushes and are not processed but are dried in the sun. Only special leaves are selected the ideal is two leaves wrapped around a new shoot. After drying the leaves are again selected and sorted by hand. 

Paper, one of man s most essential commodities, was first made in the Orient about 2,000 years ago. Credit for the invention of paper has been given to T sai Lun, a member of the Imperial Guard and Privy Councillor, who conceived the idea of making paper from old rags, flax, hemp, rice stalks and tree bark (11). The Chinese macerated fibers from these materials in water and drained the suspension on a mold covered with silk cloth. The fiber mats were removed and dried in the sun to form paper. This uniqueness is attested to by its slow communication to other parts of the world five hundred years to reach Korea and Japan six hundred years to Samarkand and the Arab world and one thousand years to Europe, and even later to America in 1690. During that period, rags of cotton, flax, jute, and hemp conprised the sole source of raw materials used in paper manufacture. 

Usage Mushrooms are collected and dried in the sun or in oven at 200 degrees. No more than one medium-size mushroom should be taken until individual s tolerance is determined. 

A procedure for starch production was given in some detail in a Roman treatise by Cato in 184 bce.5 Grain was steeped in water for ten days and then pressed. Fresh water was added. Mixing and filtration through linen cloth gave a slurry from which the starch was allowed to settle. It was washed with water and finally dried in the sun. 

The liquid remaining from the fermentation and removal of the alcohol is evaporated and calcined also. This will provide the Salt of Sulfur which can also be obtained by leaching the calcined residue as we mentioned earlier. The Solar Fire can be increased in the salts by setting them outside at night to deliquesce. Leave the salts to dry in the Sun. In this way, as they crystallize they absorb and trap more of the Sun s energy. 

Place all of the water (including the Gur) into a distillation apparatus and very gently sweat over the first quarter of its volume. Label this distillate as the Fire and Air of Water. Raise the temperature and continue the distillation until most of the water has come over but not to dryness. Label this distillate Water of Water. The residue which remains is placed into a dish and slowly allowed to dry in the Sun, labelled as Earth of Water and contains the Universal Gur. 

Sugar is also a natural substance that has been used as a preservative. However, before sugar was available, honey was used to preserve fruits and meats and in breads that were used as traveling food. The earliest jams date from pre-Roman times, when honey was combined with fruit and spices and left to dry in the sun. 

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