In counters

Supeiwised learning strategies are applied in counter-propagation and in back-propagation neural networks (see Sections 9.5.5 and 9.5,7, ... 

U. von Stockar and Xiao-Piug Lu,M Simple andMccurate Short-cut Procedure toMccountforMxial Dispersion in Counter-current S eparation Columns, Ind. Eng. 

Figure 8-4 shows a typical trayed contactor in which the gas and liquid are in counter-current flow. The wet gas enters the bottom of the contactor and contacts the "richest glycol (glycol containing water in solution)... 

Figure 8-4. Typical glycol contactor in which gas and liquid are in counter-current flow.

Photoemission is the property of some materials to emit electrons when light falls on them. These materials are used as a cathode and an anode collects the electrons. One application is in the photomultiplier unit that is used in counters. 

Applied Research Laboratories, x-ray spectrographs, 256-261 Argon, absorption by, in counter, 45 and methane, for filling counters, 45, 53, 219... 

Breakdown in counter tubes, 51 Briquetting, use in sample preparation, 174, 231, 232... 

Ionization chamber pulses, 51, 59, 60 Ionization chambers, 49-52, 93 Ion pairs, 48-50 Ion tubes, characteristics, 3, 4 Ion yield in counter tubfes, 50, 51 Iridium, determination by x-ray emission spectrography, 328 Iron, determination by x-ray emission spectrography, 222, 328 in cements, 260, 261 in domestic ores, 200, 202, 203 in hi h-temperature alloys, 179-183 in solution, 185, 255... 

Krypton, absorption in counter, 45 Kiistner filter method, 109, 110 kX unit (kilo X unit), definition, 7, 307... 

Xenon, absorption b r, in counter, 45 Xenotime distinguished from zircon, 136 X-ray absorptiometer with a radioactive isotope, 133... 

Yoshida and Akita (Yl) determined volumetric mass-transfer coefficients for the absorption of oxygen by aqueous sodium sulfite solutions in counter-current-ffow bubble-columns. Columns of various diameters (from 7.7 to 60.0 cm) and liquid heights (from 90 to 350 cm) were used in order to examine the effects of equipment size. The volumetric absorption coefficient reportedly increases with increasing gas velocity over the entire range investigated (up to approximately 30 cm/sec nominal velocity), and with increasing column diameter, but is independent of liquid height. These observations are somewhat at variance with those of other workers. 

The liquid mean residence time, tm, in counter-current mode was significantly lower than in co-current mode. Statistical analysis (Yates method of ANOVA) indicates that along with the liquid flowrate, the direction of liquid travel is the most significant factor in the liquid mean residence time. This variation in the liquid phase mean residence time, suggests an increase in short-circuiting or channeling in the counter-current mode as a result of the gas-liquid interactions. 

Experimental in vitro investigations utilizing liposomal-encapsulated and polyethylene glycol-conjugated SOD and catalase have demonstrated the potential value of such means in countering oxidative asbestos-related diseases (Freeman etal., 1985 Mossman etal., 1986). In addition to using supplementary endogenous antioxidant enzymes, the use of iron chelators like desferrioxamine... 

Patients should also be educated to keep track of inhaler use. Many DPIs have a built-in counter or device to notify the patient of how many doses are remaining (e.g., Diskus and Twisthaler ) or that the inhaler is approaching empty (e.g., Turbuhaler ). 

Primary Ionization—(1) In collision theory the ionization produced by the primary particles as contrasted to the "total ionization" which includes the "secondary ionization" produced by delta rays. (2) In counter tubes the total ionization produced by incident radiation without gas amplification. 

Use Training and riot control limited tactical use in counter-... 

National Research Council, Making the Nation Safer The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism, Washington, D.C. The National Academies Press, 2002. 

Partial) dialysis in flow analysis. The sample solution flows along one side of the membrane, while the analyser solution passing (often in counter-current) on the other side takes up the diffused components from the sample. A dynamic equilibrium is reached (under steady-state conditions) in the leaving analyser solution, which is then analysed and from the result of which the analyte content can be derived via calibration with standard solutions treated in exactly the same way. This is a common procedure, e.g., in Technicon AutoAnalyzers, and has also been applied in haemoanalysis by Ammann et al.154 as described above. 

Signals from neighbouring cells or tissues will instruct a particular cell to proliferate, differentiate into another cell type or to commit suicide by programmed cell death. Figure 10.4 shows that NFKB can play a major role in countering programmed cell death and hence survival of the cell after stimulation of the TNFa pathway. Such a pathway depends upon the activation of NFKB which will activate a variety of anti-apoptopic genes. 

The introduction of changes in the gas flow pattern of the unit could provide a means for improvement in both, single and two-reactor systems. It is important to keep in mind that in counter-current designs measures have to be taken to prevent hot spots within the reactor bed and to improve vapor-liquid contact. 

In this context, the Convention requires that States Parties cooperate with the OPCW in facilitating the coordination and delivery of assistance and protection to minimise the consequences of a chemical weapons attack, in countering the threat of use of chemical weapons, and in eliminating the threats posed by activities prohibited under Article I of the Convention. Article X stipulates that each State Party has the right to request and to receive assistance and protection against the use or threat of use of chemical weapons. 

Let us reconsider the critical flame temperature criterion for extinction. Williams [25], in a review of flame extinction, reports the theoretical adiabatic flame temperatures for different fuels in counter-flow diffusion flame experiments. These temperatures decreased with the strain rate (ua0/x), and ranged from 1700 to 2300 K. However, experimental measured temperatures in the literature tended to be much lower (e.g. Williams [25] reports 1650 K for methane, 1880 K for iso-octane and 1500 K for methylmethracrylate and heptane). He concludes that 1500 50 K can represent an approximate extinction temperature for many carbon-hydrogen-oxygen fuels burning in oxygen-nitrogen mixtures without chemical inhibitors . 

Hoffman, Bruce, Terrorism Trends and Prospects Chapter Two in Countering the New Terrorism, Ian Lesser et al., 1999, RAND, MR-989-AF. 

Figure 2.29. If the intrinsic barrier for electron transfer is small, the potential range within which the activation control prevails is accordingly narrow and the corresponding asymptote is approximately linear, as represented in the figure, where ks is the standard rate constant (i.e., the rate constant at zero driving force). Under these conditions, redox catalysts that offer a small driving force resulting in counter-diffusion control can be found. This behavior is identified by the value of the slope (F/TIT In 10). The intersection of the counter-diffusion and the diffusion asymptotes provides the value of the standard potential sought, , B.

Chen, Ning Hsing Chem. Eng., Albany 71, No. 24 (23 Nov. 1964) 125 -8. Calculating theoretical stages in counter-current leaching. 

It is evident, that in any membrane reactor operation mode there are important parameters which determine the performance of the process (Shah, Remmen and Chiang 1970). These are (1) the total and partial pressures on both sides of the membrane, (2) the total and partial pressure differences across the membrane, (3) the diffusion mechanism through the support and the membrane layer (membrane structure), (4) the thickness of the membrane, (5) the reactant configuration (i.e. whether the reactants are supplied from the same or from opposite sides of the membrane, in counter or co-current flow) and (6) the catalyst distribution. 

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