Yates method

The liquid mean residence time, tm, in counter-current mode was significantly lower than in co-current mode. Statistical analysis (Yates method of ANOVA) indicates that along with the liquid flowrate, the direction of liquid travel is the most significant factor in the liquid mean residence time. This variation in the liquid phase mean residence time, suggests an increase in short-circuiting or channeling in the counter-current mode as a result of the gas-liquid interactions. 

A philosophical problem remains, however. The Bunnett-Olsen method, which assumes the linearity of activity coefficient ratios in one another, still uses H0, and H0 values are derived using the cancellation assumption The cancellation assumption is eliminated altogether in the excess acidity method (also called the Marziano-Cimino-Passerini and Cox-Yates methods, which is unfortunate since both are the same - the term excess acidity method is preferred). 

Yates method for obtaining estimates of main effects and interactions was applied to the measurements of the actual running speeds (Yates, 1937). There were 3 factors, each at two levels leg vs arm trial I vs trial II drug vs non-drug. 

This is a novel feature of factorial design when compared with the classical laboratory procedure which excludes indications of the interaction of tire variable. The method of airalysis of the data, due to Yates, which is commonly used to evaluate these effects, requires tlrat tire uials are conducted in the sequence shown above, and proceeds as follows. 

Vibrational Spectroscopy of Molecules on Surfaces. 0- T. Yates, Jr. and T. E. Madey, eds.) Plenum, New York, 1987. Basic concepts and experimental methods used to measure vibrational spectra of surface species. Of particular interest is Chapter 6 by N. Avery on HREELS. 

Karger, B. L., and Fiancock, W. S., eds. 1996. Methods in Enzymology 271, Section III Protein Structure Analysis by Mass Sj ectrometry, f R. Yates P tide Characterization by Mass Spectrometry, B. L. Gillece-Castro and J. T. Stnlts. New York Academic Pre.s.s. 

From 1928 when Otto Diels and Kurt Alder [1] made their extraordinary discovery until 1960 when Yates and Eaton [2] reported the acceleration of the Diels-Alder cycloadditions by Lewis acid catalysts, these reactions were essentially carried out under thermal conditions owing to the simplicity of the accomplishing thermal process. Since then a variety of methods have been developed to accelerate the reactions. The reaction between 1,3-butadiene and ethylene (Equation 2.1) is a typical example of a thermal Diels-Alder cycloaddition. 

For excellent discussions of this method see Woodward, R.B. Hoffmann, R. Ref. 1256 Jones, R.A.Y. Physical and Mechanistic Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, 1984, p. 352 Klumpp, G.W. Reactivity in Organic Chemistry, Wiley NY, 1982, p. 378 Yates, K. Htickel Molecular Orbital Theory, Academic Press NY, 1978, p. 263. 

Black. T.H. Zhang, Y. Huang, J. Smith, D.C. Yates, B.E. Synth. Commun., 1995, 25, 15 Related Methods Section 207 (Alkenes from Ketones). 

Mass spectrometers measure the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ions. They consist of an ionization source that converts molecules into gas-phase ions and a mass analyzer coupled to an ion detector to determine the m/z ratio of the ion (Yates III, 2000). A mass analyzer uses a physical property such as time-of-flight (TOF) to separate ions of a particular m/z value that then strike the detector (Fig. 2.3). The magnitude of the current that is produced at the detector as a function of time is used to determine the m/z value of the ion. While mass spectrometers have been used for many years for chemistry applications, it was the development of reproducible techniques to create ions of large molecules that made the method appropriate for proteomics. 

Sadygov, R.G., Cociorva, D., Yates, J.R., 3rd (2004). Large-scale database searching using tandem mass spectra looking up the answer in the back of the book. Nat. Methods 1, 195-202. 

Catalyst Y-G was prepared in conformity with the spray-drying method of Yates and Garland 27). Ni(N03)2 was dissolved in a small amount of distilled water, whereupon acetone and the requisite amount of aerosil were successively added to it. The slurry was transferred to an atomizer and sprayed with continuous agitation. The spray was directed to a glass surface and the particles adhering to this surface were dried by leading a stream of air over them. 

This linear plot works very well, giving p/STbh+ values as intercepts (and slopes < e) thus only one acidity function (Ho) is needed for the purpose of estimating weak basicities. In the Bunnett-Olsen method Ch+ is simply the acid molarity. The terms m from the Yates-McClelland method and (1 — e) from the Bunnett-Olsen method are, for all practical purposes, equivalent m = 1, e = 0 for primary nitroanilines m = 0.6, e = 0.4 for amides and so on. 

Oxadiazoles are weak Hammett bases. The basicity constants of 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (pK -2.49) and of 2-(4-methylphenyl)-5-phenyl-l,3,4-oxadiazole (pAa -1.15) were measured by the method of Yates and MacClelland in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid in the range from pH 7 to H0 -10. Both compounds exhibited luminescence properties depending on the acid concentration <1996SAA1875>. 

Batley and Farrah [ 120] and Gardner and Yates [118] used ozone to decompose organic matter in samples and thus break down metal complexes prior to atomic absorption spectrometry. By this treatment, metal complexes of humic acid and EDTA were broken down in less than 2 min. These observations led Gardner and Yates [ 118 ] to propose the following method for the determination of cadmium in seawater. 

Gardner and Yates [26] developed a method for the determination of total dissolved cadmium and lead in estuarine waters. Factors leading to the choice of a method employing extraction by chelating resin, and analysis by carbon furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, are described. To ensure complete extraction of trace metals, inert complexes with humic-like material are decomposed by ozone [27]. The effect of pH on extraction by and elution from chelating resin is discussed, and details of the method were presented. These workers found that at pH 7 only 1-2 minutes treatment with ozone was needed to completely destroy complexing agents such as EDTA and humic acid in the samples. 

Ballinger, T.H., Wong, J.C.S., and Yates, J.T., Jr. (1992) Transmission infrared spectroscopy of high area solid surfaces. A usefid method for sample preparation. Langmuir, 8, 1575-1578. 

Delahunty C, Yates JR. Protein identification using 2D-LC-MS/MS. Methods 35, 248-255, 2005. 

The second approach is the tandem mass spectrometric method (Wilm et ah, 1996 Link et ah, 1999 Yates, 2000). This method relies on fragmentation of individual peptides in the tryptic peptide mixture to gain sequence information. Its main advantage is that sequence information derived from several peptides is much more specific for the identification of a protein than a list of peptide masses. The sequence data can be used to search not only protein sequence databases but also nucleotide databases such as expressed sequence tag (EST) databases and, more recently, even... 

This technique and these results have been extended in a very complete investigation by Yates and McClelland37. These authors have measured the rates of hydrolysis of eight representative acetate esters in 10-100% sulphuric acid some of their results are plotted in Fig. 1, (p. 74.) Yates and McClelland also measured the protonation behaviour of three of the esters in the same medium, by the spectrophotometric method (p. 70). They found that the basicities of the three esters, methyl, -propyl and isopropyl acetate, are closely similar, and that their protonation behaviour is described by the equation37... 

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