Improvement learning memory

The Ginseng extract has adaptogenic, stimulant and tonic actions, decribed over the past 30 years, and detailed reviews of published work are available. It has been demonstrated in animal studies that Ginseng produces improved learning, memory and physical capability, resistance to infection and enhancement of energy metabolism. 

Cognitive effects Animais Cognitive effects of nicotine have been observed in several species, including humans. Experimental studies have focused primarily on the effects on attention and memory. Cognitive benefits are seen after both acute and chronic administration (Levin et al. 1992). In experimental animals, nicotine improves learning and memory on a variety of tasks. Conversely, the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine... 

Luo, J., J. H. Yin, H. Z. Wu, and Q. Wei. Extract from Fructus cannabis activating calcineurin improved learning and memory in mice with chemical drug-induced dysmnesia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2003 24(11) 1137-1142. Degenhardt, L., W. Hall, and M. Lynskey. Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression. Addiction 2003 98(11) 1493-1504. Zajicek, J., P. Pox, H. Sanders, et al. Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study) multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003 362(9395) 1517-1526. 

Learning, memory Evidence of improved performance, Some evidence of... 

A few studies involving amphetamine suggested improved learning and memory performance. These effects presumably may be attributed to improved alertness during the acquisition phase (Chapter 7). 

N.A. Rhodiola rosea (L.) Scop. Rhodioloside, flavanol glycosides.103-293 Improve learning and memory and reduce stress, anticancer, stimulate the central nervous system. 

But my discussion of rat acrobatics isn t intended to turn people into blueberry-guzzling fiends. Eating blueberries won t save you dietary sinners. What matters most is the overall diet composition. In the rat study strawberry and spinach extract also produced improvements in memory, although those foods didn t have the same effect on balance and coordination as blueberries did. Still, the message is that fruits and vegetables have antiaging properties. As we are now learning, they harbor all kinds of useful chemicals. Like the B vitamin commonly known as folic acid. 

Alessandri, B., Rice, A. C., Levasseur, J., DeFord, M., Hamm, R. J., and Bullock, M. R., 2002, Cyclosporin A improves brain tissue oxygen consumption and learning/memory performance after lateral fluid percussion injury in rats, J. Neurotrauma 19, pp. 829-841... 

Considerable evidence that endocannabinoid actions in the brain impair learning and memory has also been collected. Most of the evidence comes from studies in which CB 1 antagonists improve learning or memory (Lichtman 2000 Shiflett et al. 2004 Terranova et al. 2005 Wolf and Leander 2003). These antagonists can also reverse the amnestic effects of agents such as (3-amyloid and scopolamine (Mazzola et al. 2003 Takahashi et al. 2005). Thus, it appears that activation of CB1 receptors, presumably following release of brain endocannabinoids, has actions that counteract mechanisms involved in learning and memory. 

Table 1 Selected ferulic acid derivatives evaluated as antineurodegenerative agents. Only Entry 1 was effective in improving learning and memory retention. 1H NMR data for all derivatives supplied by author...

A study by the Dana Consortium used deprenyl and thioctic acid in 36 patients with HIV-associated cognitive impairment (The Dana Consortium, 1998). Both medications were w ell tolerated. The deprenyl group showed some improvement in memory function, with improvement seen on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. However, other tests of psychomotor speed did not improve significantly. The mechanism of action of deprenyl is not clear, but it may have a h ophic effect on injured neurons and may also suppress the formation of free radicals. 

Narinpfenin can improve learning and memory in rat models of AD through oxidative stress regulation by increasing SOD activity and reduction of Ap40 and Ap42 expression, and phosphorylation of tau, as well [214],... 

Qinli et al. [562] studied the preventive effect of necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) on neural cell death induced by aluminum (Al). Al-exposed primary cultures of newborn mouse cortical cells were separately treated with 3-methylamphetamine (3-MA), benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartic acid (O-methyl)-fluoro-methylketone (zVAD-fmk), and Nec-1. The cell viabilities inhibited by Al were enhanced by 3-MA, zVAD-fmk, and Nec-1. Administration of Nec-1 on AT treated mice significantly improved learning and memory retention in the Morris water maze task, decreased the neural cell death, and inhibited the expression of AD-related proteins in the mouse brain. 

Gamoh S, Hashimoto M, Sugioka K, Ilossain MS, Hata N, Misawa Y, et al. Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid improves reference memory-related learning ability in young rats. Neuroscience 1999 93 237-241. 

Arendash, G.W.. Sengstock, G.J., Sanberg, P.R., Kem, W.R., 1995. Improved learning and memory in aged rats with chronic administration of the nicotinic receptor agonist GTS-21. Brain Res. 674, 252-259. 

---