Improved Transportation Containers

Transportation risk can be reduced by applying inherently safer design principles to transportation containers. Some examples of design improvements follow. 

Remote controlled shutoff valves can reduce the severity of incidents. 

Thermal insulation can be used to maintain lower temperatures in the containers and to provide improved protection from fire. Tank cars, trailers, and other containers can be specified without bottom outlets or be provided with skid-protection for bottom outlets. 

All rail tank cars must be equipped with roller bearing wheels. Using a container designed for the maximum pressure that the contents can generate from ambient conditions will eliminate the need for refrigeration of the container for safety. Overpackaging can be used to provide maximum protection for example, use DOT Specification 105 tank cars instead of general purpose cars. 

Rail cars for chemicals have been designed with shelf couplers or double shelf couplers and reinforced tank ends to reduce releases from accidents. 

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The trifluoromethyl group is found in a wide variety of pharmaceuticals. Besides its effect on the electron density, its high lipophilicity improves transport characteristics in vivo and facilitates lower dosage rates. F for F isotopic exchange reaction has been used to synthesize [l- F]l,l-difluoro-2,2-dichloroethyl-arylethers. The substitution proceeds in good to excellent yields (> 85 %) and is strongly dependent on the reaction conditions. Substitution occurs even at room temperature in DMSO or in acetonitrile containing up to 20% of water (Scheme 61) [247]. 

Another strategy to improve transport efficiency of the Ba(thd)2 and process reproducibility is to use NH, which is a simple amine adduct, as a carrier gas for the precursor. This idea was suggested by A. Baron in 1990 for the MOCVD of high T, superconducting oxide films containing Ba ions. J. S. Lee et al. recently reported in - situ mass spectroscopic analysis results of the MOCVD of SrTi03 thin... 

In order to improve transport through biological barriers of the plants, we thought that the chemical modification of known pesticides with 1-chloroalkyl alkyl carbonates containing sugar or glycerol moiety should be of some interest. For this purpose we synthesized at laboratory scale several new a-chlorinated carbonates (Ref. 77). The products prepared and results obtained are depicted on scheme 66. 

A recent report with improved solvent containing 0.01 M DTBCH18C6 in 20% 1-octanol + 80% toluene has yielded rapid Sr(II) transport initially that was subsequently overwhelmed by large acid cotransport resulting in Sr(ll) back transport [75]. Recently, near quantitative transport of Sr(ll) from 3 M HNOj solution has been reported using the crown ether in 2-nitrophenyl-octyl ether (2-NPOE) and n-dodecane mixture [80]. The flux, however, was low that necessitated the use of HFSLM technique to increase the throughput for possible application on large scale. 

This chapter presents an auction-based approach with the closed-loop bid adjustment mechanism to dynamic task allocation for robots. The bid adjustment mechanism fine-tunes bid prices based on the performance track records of each robot. A simulator is developed, with a case study of AGVs transporting containers, to validate this task allocation approach. Simulation results show that the bid adjustment mechanism can effectively reduce the discrepancies between the submitted bid prices and the corresponding actual costs of tasks. The stability of the approach is also verified in light of some operational uncertainties. This bid adjustment mechanism enhances the likelihood of allocating tasks to competent robots that submit more accurate bids, and as a result, improves the overall team performance substantially. 

OCCWS was at work on the problem when Copthorne informed it of his experience. The War Department CWS finally succeeded in obtaining a more stable bleach and in improving the container, but the tropical climate continued to take its toll in every storage place from Australia to the Philippines. Fortunately, the deteriorated bleach was still adequate for the hygienic uses to which the Quartermaster Corps and the Corps of Engineers could put it. Because of this secondary use, the demands on critically short transportation were no greater than they would have been had each service obtained its own supply. The CWS SWTA was forced to adjust to the demands of continuous survey of stocks and handling transfers. ... 

Most small Hquid helium containers are unpressurized heat leak slowly bods away the Hquid, and the vapor is vented to the atmosphere. To prevent plugging of the vent lines with solidified air, check valves of some sort are included in the vent system. Containers used for air transportation are equipped with automatic venting valves that maintain a constant absolute pressure with the helium container in order to prevent Hquid flash losses at the lower pressures of flight altitudes and to prevent the inhalation of air as the pressure increases during the aircraft s descent. Improved super insulation has removed the need for Hquid nitrogen shielding from almost all small containers. 

In addition to improving safety during transportation by optimizing the mode, route, physical conditions, and container design, the way the shipment is handled should be examined to see if safety can be improved. For example, one company tested to determine the speed required for the tines of the forklift trucks used at its terminal to penetrate its shipping containers. They installed governors on the forklift trucks to limit the speed below the speed required for penetration. They also specified blunt tine ends for the forklifts. 

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