Import motor

Folsch H, Guiard B, Neupert W, Stuart RA (1996) Internal targeting signal of the BCS1 protein a novel mechanism of import into mitochondria. EMBO J 15 479-487 Frazier AE et al. (2004) Pam 16 has an essential role in the mitochondrial protein import motor. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11 226-233... 

Li Y, Dudek J, Guiard B, Pfanner N, Rehling P, Voos W (2004) The presequence translocase-associated protein import motor of mitochondria. Pam 16 functions in an antagonistic manner to Pam 18. J Biol Chem 279 38047-38054 Likic VA et al. (2005) Patterns that define the four domains conserved in known and novel isoforms of the protein import receptor Tom20. J Mol Biol 347 81-93 Lister R, Hulett JM, Lithgow T, Whelan J (2005) Protein import into mitochondria origins and functions today (review). Mol Membr Biol 22 87-100 Loftus et al. (2005) The genome of the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Nature 433 865-868... 

Mokranjac D, Sichting M, Neupert W, Hell (2003b) Timl4, a novel key component of the import motor of the TIM23 protein translocase of mitochondria. EMBO J 22 4945-4956... 

Truscott KN et al. (2001) A presequence- and voltage-sensitive channel of the mitochondrial preprotein translocase formed by Tim23. Nat Struct Biol 8 1074-1082 Truscott KN et al. (2003) A J-protein is an essential subunit of the presequence translocase-associated protein import motor of mitochondria. J Cell Biol 163 707-713 van der Giezen M et al. (2003) Fungal hydrogenosomes contain mitochondrial heat-shock proteins. Mol Biol Evol 20 1051-1061... 

Matouschek, A., N. Planner, and W. Voos. 2000. Protein unfolding by mitochondria the Hsp70 import motor. EMBO Rept. 1 404-410. 

Neupert, W, and M. Brunner. 2002. The protein import motor of mitochondria. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3 555-565. 

With respect to fuels utilized as heating fuels for industrial furnaces, or as motor fuels for large diesel engines such as those in ships or power generation sets, the characteristics of primary importance are viscosity, sulfur content and the content of extremely heavy materials (asphaltenes) whose combustion can cause high emissions of particulates which are incompatible with antipollution legislation. 

With regards to the overall balance of combustion, the chemical structure of the motor or heating fuel, e.g., the number of carbon atoms in tbe chain and the nature of the bonding, does not play a direct role the only important item is the overall composition, that is, the contents of carbon, hydrogen, and — eventually— oxygen in the case of alcohols or ethers added to the fuel. 

The magnitude of the NHV has economic importance because the consumption and cost of motor fuels are frequently expressed in liters/100 km and in Francs/liter in France. From the technical viewpoint, the NHV, establishes the maximum range for a transport system with a given load. This is a decisive criterion for applications like aviation. 

In the applications where the compactness of the energy conversion system is the determining factor as in the case of engines, it is important to know the quantity of energy contained in a given volume of the fuel-air mixture to be burned. This information is used to establish the ultimate relations between the nature of the motor fuel and the power developed by the motor it is of prime consideration in the development of fuels for racing cars. 

The density and the volatility, expressed by the distillation curve and the vapor pressure, constitute the most important physical characteristics of motor fuels for obtaining satisfactory operation of a vehicle in all circumstances. 

In the standard method, the metal enclosure (called the air chamber) used to hold the hydrocarbon vapors is immersed in water before the test, then drained but not dried. This mode of operation, often designated as the wet bomb" is stipulated for all materials that are exclusively petroleum. But if the fuels contain alcohols or other organic products soluble in water, the apparatus must be dried in order that the vapors are not absorbed by the water on the walls. This technique is called the dry bomb" it results in RVP values higher by about 100 mbar for some oxygenated motor fuels. When examining the numerical results, it is thus important to know the technique employed. In any case, the dry bomb method is preferred. 

To the refiner, the question of octane numbers in future gasolines is of primary importance because it determines the course of operations, the development or on the contrary the stagnation of such and such a process. Table 5.12 thus gives an example of the typical composition by origin and concentration of different base constituents of three grades of the most common motor fuels distributed today in Europe conventional premium gasoline at 0.15 g Pb/1, Eurosuper and Superplus. 

The majority of xylenes, which are mostly produced by catalytic reforming or petroleum fractions, ate used in motor gasoline (see Gasoline and other MOTORFUELs). The majority of the xylenes that are recovered for petrochemicals use are used to produce PX and OX. PX is the most important commercial isomer. Almost all of the PX is converted to terephthaUc acid and dimethylterephthalate, and then to poly(ethylene terephthalate) for ultimate use in fibers, films, and resins. 

An extraction plant should operate at steady state in accordance with the flow-sheet design for the process. However, fluctuation in feed streams can cause changes in product quaUty unless a sophisticated system of feed-forward control is used (103). Upsets of operation caused by flooding in the column always force shutdowns. Therefore, interface control could be of utmost importance. The plant design should be based on (/) process control (qv) decisions made by trained technical personnel, (2) off-line analysis or limited on-line automatic analysis, and (J) control panels equipped with manual and automatic control for motor speed, flow, interface level, pressure, temperature, etc. 

The main advantage of the VFD is that once the operating poiat of the fan is selected, that efficiency is carried at all speeds and flows. Capacity is directly related to motor frequency and thus to speed. Another important benefit is that as the fan speed decreases, fan noise and vibration also decrease significantly. 

The anisotropic sintered form is by far the most important one. It is produced in various grades which can be divided into four main groups. Group is used for loudspeakers, where a high is essential, whereas a relatively low is acceptable. Groups F —are used for different types of motors, requiring quite distinct levels. In these cases a high is also desired, but in fact it is limited by the level and the performance factor K. 

Following the invention of the hydrauHc press in 1795 (3), the use of hydrauHcs expanded rapidly during the nineteenth century. The weight-loaded accumulator, invented ca 1850, was used to store energy in hydrauHc systems. The elementary press circuit has several parts that are common to all hydrauHc systems a reservoir, a pump, piping, control valves, a motor, which in this case is a hydrauHc cylinder or ram, and the hydrauHc fluid. By ca 1860 hydrauHc presses were used for forging, and an adjustable-speed hydrauHc transmission was perfected in 1906 (2). The manufacture of hydrauHcahy actuated machines attained industrial importance after 1920. 

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