Implantation orthopaedic surgery

Ben-Nissan, B., and Chai, C. [1995]. Sol-gel derived bioactive hydroxyapatite coatings. In Kossowasky, R., and Kossovsky, N. [eds.]. Advances in Materials Science and Implant Orthopaedic Surgery, NATO ASI Series, E [Applied Sciences, Kluwer Academic Publishers], 294, pp. 265-275. 

Several other polymers, non-metals and ceramics, are currently being implanted for applications outside orthopaedic surgery, typical examples... 

As the surgical techniques advance, the average age of the patient subjected to total joint replacement is decreasing and therefore the life expectancy of the implant is increasing. This obviously places more emphasis on the fatigue and corrosion resistant properties of the materials which are used in orthopaedic surgery. 

The number of patients receiving biomedical endoprosthetic, dental and other implants to correct skeletal defects and heal diseases are constantly on the rise worldwide. A rough estimate of metallic, ceramic and polymeric implants of all kinds delivered worldwide to patients are in the range of 10 million annually. Consequently, the number of orthopaedic surgeries worldwide is growing by 10-12% per year (Tomsia et al., 2005). 

Hofmann, G.O., 1992. Biodegradable implants in orthopaedic surgery-A review of the state of the art. Clin. Mater., 10 75. 

MaistreUi, G.L. 1994. Polymer in orthopaedic surgery. In Bone Implant Interface, R. Hurley (Ed.), pp. 169-190, Mosby, St. Louis, MO. 

To be used as biomaterials, polymers must possess biocompatibility, bioabsorbability and mechanical resistance [114]. Current applications include surgical implants and plain membranes in vascular or orthopaedic surgery, as well as the controlled release of drugs. PLA is the most widely used material for medical applications. Other possible outlets are offered by the hygiene sector including, nappy back sheets, cotton swabs, disposable razors and so on. 

Biomedical applications. It is extensively employed as a standard material for orthopaedic surgery, for example in hip implants. 

More that 1000 implants of Bioverit have been successfully used as bone substitution by the middle of the Nineties. In these case we include orthopaedic surgery (replacement of vertebrae, reconstruction of the root of the acetabulum in a dislocated hip, osteotomy of the tibial head, partial replacement of vertebrae, etc) and head and neck sm-gery (reconstruction of the posterior wall of the auditory canal, reconstruction of the skull base, rhinoplasty, etc). 

Some of the properties of these composite materials that make them apt for their use as dental implant or in orthopaedic surgery are low modulus of elasticity good resistance to the stress good resistance to the impact and easily machineable. 

Since this polymer is widely used, e.g., in orthopaedic surgery, fracture fixation, human body implantations and as a filler in irregularly shaped skeletal defects or voids, a... 

Abstract Polymers have been used as biomaterials in Orthopaedic Surgery for decades. Despite reports of complications with some polymeric materials, most are biocompatible and have been used successfully in total joint replacements, for soft tissue reconstruction, for joint fusion, and as fracture fixation devices. In this chapter we wiU describe the types of polymers used in connnercially-available orthopaedic implants, and then give a breakdown by clinical application. 

ASTM International publishes several standard specifications that relate specifically to polymers used in medical applications. Table 5.1 gives a list of the ASTM standards that describe the standard specification of polymers used in orthopaedic surgery implants. Similar standards are published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), but are not listed here. 

Despite its widespread and successful use, relatively rare complications have been documented with the use of PMMA in orthopaedic surgery. Tissue necrosis can be caused by the high heat of polymerization or by the chemicals themselves [12, 13]. Bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS) is usually associated with total hip arthroplasty and can be fatal for the patient. Clinical manifestations include hypoxia, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias and in some cases... 

Cohen, J., Corrosion Testing of Orthopaedic Implants , Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 44A, 307-316 (1962)... 

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