Impetus to study

Ferrocenyl-based polymers are established as useful materials for the modification of electrodes, as electrochemical biosensors, and as nonlinear optical systems. The redox behavior of ferrocene can be tuned by substituent effects and novel properties can result for example, permethylation of the cyclopentadienyl rings lowers the oxidation potential, and the chaige transfer salt of decamethylfer-rocene with tetracyanocthylene, [FeCpJ]" (TCNE], is a ferromagnet below = 4.8 K, and electrode surfaces modified with a pentamethylferrocene derivative have been used as sensors for cytochrome c These diverse properties have provided an added impetus to studies on ferrocene dendrimers. 

In Berlin in 1948, there were still incidences of malnutrition. Because of this, there were patients who suffered fatal poisoning from the generally safe, local anaestetic drug procaine. This became my impetus to study the esterase that hydrolysed procaine (9). When invited to Philadelphia, I continued these studies with the superior equipment there available to me. I found that the procaine-splitting esterase was butyrylcholinesterase, then called pseudo- or plasma-cholinesterase, and I explored a method using UV-spectrophotometry which elegantly and precisely indicated the esterase activity (10). 

In recent years, increasing attention has been focused on proteins derived from extreme thermophylic bacteria (Daniel and Cowan, 2000 Vetriani et al., 1998 Jaenicke, 1996 1998, 2000 Adams and Kelly, 2001 and references therein). The increasing use of these proteins in biotechnology has given new impetus to studies focused on their structure and stability. At the same time, thermostable proteins prove challenging as the ideal candidates for investigating the relationships between the structure and intramolecular dynamics of the enzyme on the one hand, and their function and stability on the other. 

Although a considerable literature records numerous studies in this field (A19, B17, C12, J3, L9, P16, S4, S5), many have been performed on preparations of tissues from other than human sources. In conformity with the subject of this chapter and to avoid species differences, most attention will be directed to human tissue alkaline phosphatases and in particular their variants. The stereospecific L-phenylalanine inhibition has provided the impetus to study its molecular mechanism, which necessarily requires an understanding of the mechanism of catalysis. It is expected that discovery of other stereospecific inhibitors will follow and that they may have even greater utility than L-phenylalanine. However, since it is the first such unique inhibitor, this section of the chapter will receive extensive treatment after a consideration of some basic kinetic information. 

Additional impetus to study the level and source of 1,2-benzenediol (catechol) in tobacco smoke was provided by Hecht et al. (1562), who asserted that 1,2-benzenediol (catechol) was an important tobacco smoke cocarcinogen. They also noted that the levels of 1,2-benzenediol (catechol) in cigarette MSS were rednced by prior extraction of the tobacco with a hexane-ethanol azeotrope or by inclnsion of RTS in the tobacco blend. 

Many processes occur both in hving and nonliving systems that provide an impetus to study nanobiocomposites. In this review, a fair, though incomplete, picture is given of nanobiocomposite applications to studies of organized matter and to the preparation of hybrid bioceramic nanomaterials. 

A belief that solid interfaces are easier to understand than liquid ones shifted emphasis to the former but the subjects are not really separable, and the advances in the one are giving impetus to the other. There is increasing interest in films of biological and of liquid crystalline materials because of the importance of thin films in microcircuitry (computer chips ), there has been in recent years a surge of activity in the study of deposited mono- and multilayers. These Langmuir-Blodgett films are discussed in Section XV-7. 

The monomer, CPD, obtained via cracking of the dimer, DCPD, and the dimer both have extensive uses. Cyclopentadiene is probably the most widely studied conjugated, cycHc diolefin system. Eleven review articles dealing with the chemistry of cyclopentadiene have been pubHshed (1—11). An article dealing specifically with European uses of DCPD has also been pubHshed (12). The discovery ia 1951 of stable metal derivatives has given additional impetus to the study of the chemistry of cyclopentadiene. Eive review articles have been pubHshed on this subject (13—17). 

The purpose of this work was to determine the toxicity to mosquito larvae of insecticide spray residues. That certain insecticides are translocated in plants (4, 5) adds impetus to this study. Fresh orchard fruit sprayed or dusted with preparations containing parathion (0,0-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate), tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP, HEPP), DDD [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dichloroethane], DDT [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l,l-trichloroethane], chlorinated camphene, and basic lead arsenate were shipped from California to Yonkers, N. Y., by air express for bioassay. 

These initial studies suggested that the posterior hypothalamus may contain a wakefulness center and provided the initial impetus to pursue further research to understand the role of HA and the posterior hypothalamus in sleep-wakefulness. The next cycle of research substantiating the role of HA in sleep-wakefulness consisted mainly of electrophysiological, biochemical/molecular, and pharmacological studies. 

Interest in sol-gel processing was awakened by the work of Avnir et al. in 1990 who performed successful experiments with such enzymes as [1-glucosidasc, alkaline phosphatase, chitinase and aspartase [68]. This gave impetus to their own systematic study of the entrapment of biopolymers in a silica matrix as well as those of other teams [69-79]. The results have been summarized and discussed in numerous review articles (see, e.g., Refs. [41—43,45—49,51,80—85]). 

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