Impact protection standards

The Malaysian Department of Environment recommended that the different project phases of exploration, development, operation, and rehabilitation are evaluated due to their environmental, biological, and socioeconomic impact. Once the possible environmental impacts are assessed, the project initiator must identify and indicate the possible mitigation measures to be taken with a purpose of controlling the environmental pollution. Compliance auditing is performed during the assessment to check whether the project complies with environmental protection standards. 

A safety standard that provides performance and testing requirements for industrial helmets, commonly known as hard hats. It established the types and classes of pro-teetive helmets, depending on the type of hazard encountered. Industrial head protective helmets meeting the requirements of the standard are classified as Type I for top protection or Type II for lateral impact protection. Both types are tested for impact attenuation and penetration resistance. Type II helmet performance requirements inelude eriteria for impact energy attenuation from impacts from the front, back, and sides as well as the top off-center penetration resistance and chin strap retention. 

The primary standards covering minimum requirements for the design, performance, testing, and classification of protective footwear against a variety of hazards that can potentially result in injury (see Figure A.6). These tests include impact resistance for the toe area of footwear compression resistance for the toe area of footwear metatarsal impact protection that reduces the chance of injury to the metatarsal bones at the top of the foot conductive properties that reduce hazards... 

Lenses are tested to withstand the impact of a 2.5-cm (1-inch) ball dropped from 127 cm (50 inches), plus a penetration test for plastic lenses as required by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z87 for all eye and face protectors, two-level classification for impact protection. See ANSI Z87.1-2003, Standard for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection Devices. 

As part of American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z87 two-level classification for impact protection for eye and face protectors, high impact lenses and all frames... 

The type of foot and leg protection provided to employees will depend on the specific workplace hazards identified and the specific parts of the feet or legs exposed to potential injury. Safety footwear must meet minimum compression and impact performance standards and testing requirements established by ANSI. Protective footwear purchased after July 5,1994, mustmeet the requirements of ANSI Z41-1991. Protective footwear bought before that date must comply with ANSI Z41-1967. There are many forms of foot and leg protection to choose from (see Figure 24.6). 

Tested to conform with stringent world-wide Metatarsal Impact Resistance standards, the lip of the MetGuard sits on the steel cap at load point, protecting the entire Metatarsal region. 

ANSl/lSEA Z89.1-2009—American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection—provides guidance regarding the selection of hard hats for different types of service. It classifies Type 1 for top protection and Type 11 for lateral impact protection. They also have three classes to do with electrical insulation rating. Class G (general) helmets are tested at 2200 volts Class E (electrical) are tested to withstand 20,000 volts Class C (conductive) provide no electrical protection. 

During hearings on the proposed OSHA Personal Protective Equipment rule, it was pointed out that most blows to the head come from the front, back, or sides. The ANSI Z89.1—1986 standard addresses only protection for the top of the head the hard hat is designed essentially for falling-impact protection. It is important to point out that there are limitations to any piece of PPE. 

The U.S. Eood and Dmg Administration (EDA) adopted a legally binding standard, which took the form of a performance standard for laser products (56,57). The standard provides a classification scheme for lasers similar to the ANSI classification. AH lasers sold after August 2, 1976 must comply with its provisions. The standard requires incorporation of safety-related labeling and protective equipment according to the class of the laser. The primary impact of the EDA standard is on laser manufacturers and scientific supply firms. 

The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) covers a broad range of issues relating to worker health and safety, many of which impact the power generation industry (16,17). The Act sets standards designed to protect worker health and safety, particularly in industrial settings. The Occupational Health and Safety Administration, organized under the U.S. Department of Labor, implements and enforces OSHA standards and periodically updates poHcies governing worker health and safety. 

Recently, much emphasis has been put on the harmful effects of small particles, i.e., particulate matter (PM), on human health. A number of standards have been established to characterize the PM fractions in the air and their effects on human health. A widely used PM standard in force in both Europe and the United States is based on the mass concentration of particles with a diameter of 10 gm or less (PMjo). However, recently the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a new standard that is based on the aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 gm particles. This new standard emphasizes the significant impact of small particles on human health, especially on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. 4 ... 

The EPA sets two kinds of national ambient air quality standards. The primary standard is set at a level intended to protect human health with an adequate margin of safety. The secondary standard, usually less stringent, is set based on protecting the public welfare, which can include factors other than health impacts, such as reduced visibility, atid damage to crops. 

The environmental impact of SOj emissions has gained much attention over the past ten years. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) went into effect in 1989. The ruling covers new, modified, and reconstructed FCC units since January 1994. It should be noted that the Southern California Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) board has established a limit of 60 kilograms of SO per 1,000 barrels of feed for the existing FCC units. 

EPA-Diesel RIA, Regulatory Impact Analysis—Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements United States Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Radiation EPA420-R, 99-023. 1999. December. 

US-Environmental Protection Agency, Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Remedial Action Standards for Inactive Uranium Processing Sites (40 CFR 192), US-EPA Rep. No. EPA 520/4-80-011 (1980). 

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