Impact evaluation data collection

Since 1998 Switzerland has conducted a nationwide survey on the ecomor-phological state of its waters, which records and evaluates aU the structural characteristics of each water course [54]. A projection for the whole of Switzerland is predicated on the fact that around 25% of the sections of all water courses (=15,800 km) are in a poor ecomorphological state and 50% are still in a natural state. However there is a very close correlation between the extent of the impact and the altitude below 600 m ASL, 50% of the water courses exhibit insufficient structural variety, while above 2,000 m the ratio is only 2%. However, the data collected is not yet reliable, particularly for higher locations in the alpine region. 

Focused drug use evaluation (drug utilization review) can be done to identify problems concerning the use of specific medicines or the treatment of specific diseases, particularly in hospitals. The qualitative methods employed in social science (e.g. focus group discussion, in-depth interviews, structured observation and structured questionnaires), can be used to investigate the motives underlying irrational use. All data collected should be used to design interventions and to measure the impact of those interventions on medicine use. 

Annex 1 provides a case-study of a qualitative characterization of uncertainties in an exposure assessment. Table A1.2 in Annex 1 details the evaluation throughout the three-dimensional characteristics. Included is an overall conclusion on sensitivity—that is, those aspects that have the most significant impact on the outcome of the assessment, as better data collected on these features would considerably reduce the measure of uncertainty. An example of the overall conclusion is given in section A 1.5 of Annex 1. The main uncertainties identified in the assessment are tabulated, as illustrated in Table 5, and a brief explanation of the weights given to them in reaching an overall conclusion is provided. In addition, a textual description of the qualitative characterization of tabular output should include an indication of overall uncertainty, based on the collective impact of each of the sources. 

A performance improvement effort will require time and resources for data collection and analysis. If the metrics data collection effort is too large for available resources, it is likely that specific data will not be captured and that could impact the validity of the system performance evaluations. Any data collection effort needs appropriate resources to execute the designed plan effectively. Sometimes insufficient or incomplete data can be worse than having no data if the reported data leads to false conclusions. 

US EPA s approach is essentially an application of NAS , tailored to provide guidance for assessing risk associated with contamination in environmental media. Adverse health impacts associated with exposure to the chemical of concern are identified through the hazard identification, dose response, and toxicity assessment. Exposure is evaluated during the exposure assessment and data collection and evaluation steps. 

UAAC> 2i To evaluate impact of clinical pharmacy interventions on cost and quality of patient care COD None Personnel costs Physician acceptance, DCA, various quality indicators Annual extrapolated cost savings 19,076 Documented cost and quality using daily patient data collection forms... 

VA) To evaluate impact of clinical RPh activities in an ambulatory clinic OA Control group None DCA Greater reduction in NSAID use in clinic staffed by RPh, resulted in cost savings of 38,776 more than control group Input costs not considered clinical outcomes not considered data collected in 1985-1986, report not published until 1991... 

Evaluate the impact of the intervention Additional data collection or ongoing monitoring to ensure... 

The enterprise utilizes the results of trade-off analyses and risk-reduction planning information to recommend a preferred alternative to the decision maker. The enterprise should assess the trade-off analysis to assure that the methodologies and data collection instrumentation were sufficient to support a fair and complete evaluation. Each recommendation should be presented in terms of configuration and cost, schedule, performance, and risk impact. 

An impact evaluation involves several steps (1) establishing evaluation objectives, (2) determining appropriate evaluation methods, (3) collecting data, and (4) producing and disseminating findings. A main factor that influences each of these steps is their cost. 

Regarding the data collection of subjective perception of the pain intensity, this was the variable of longitudinal follow-up in the survey, utilized as buoy for the quantification of the impact caused by the ergonomic adjust of the saddle. It was utilized the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), which the athletes quantify their pain/discomfort in a scale from 0 to 10, zero corresponding to any pain/discomfort at all, and ten representing the presence of a severe pain/discomfort (Norris, 1971), in three moments when arrived for the evaluation, after thirty days of use of the adjusted bicycle and after five months of use. 

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