Immunology and Vaccination

A foil discussion of each of the above categories of biological medicines and related agents covered by each of the categories is beyond the scope of this brief essay. However, ImmunoFacts is the most current and comprehensive collection of immunologic and vaccine information and is continuously updated for clinical application, including side effects [5]. 

Immunoinformatics is a newly emergent subdiscipline within the informatic sciences that deals specifically with the unique problems of the immune system. Like bioinformatics, immunoinformatics complements, but never replaces, laboratory experimentation. It allows researchers to address, in a systematic manner, the most important questions in the still highly empirical world of immunology and vaccine discovery. 

See also Food Preservation Hazardous-Waste Disposal Immunology and Vaccination Parasitology Pasteurization and Irradiation Pathology Sanitary Engineering. 

See also Biomechanical Engineering Biomechanics Epidemiology Ergonomics Immunology and Vaccination Nursing. 

See also Agricultural Science Genetic Engineering Genomics Immunology and Vaccination Pasteurization and Irradiation Pharmacology Virology. 

See also DNA Analysis Drug Testing Forensic Science Hematology Immunology and Vaccination Parasitology Veterinary Science Virology. 

See also Anesthesiology Drug Testing Forensic Science Herbology Immunology and Vaccination Toxicology. 

See also Geriatrics and Gerontology Immunology and Vaccination Neurology Pharmacology. 

See also Epidemiology Immunology and Vaccination Pathology Pharmacology. 

Several other antigens with good immunocontraceptive potential have been identified and investigated in laboratory animals. In most studies, the rate and duration of the immunocontraceptive effect are less than acceptable. A potential problem in immunological approaches to antifertUity research is the need for a safe, effective adjuvant and suitable animal models for evaluating the efficacy and safety of methods (111). Newer and more effective adjuvants are required for contraceptive vaccines and vaccines in general. 

The development of vaccines is one of the most successful practical applications in immunology and in this field it is currently fashionable to make the reductionist claim that it will soon be possible to design effective synthetic vaccines on the basis of our knowledge of the molecules involved in immunological interactions. It seems to me that this claim arises from an unwarranted faith in the power of a reductionist approach for solving complex biological problems. Such a claim does not take into account that the protection against disease that can be achieved by vaccination is a... 

Britton, C., Canto, G.J., Urquhart, G.M. and Kennedy, M. (1993) Characterization of excretory-secretory products of adult Dictyocaulus viviparus and the antibody-response to them in infection and vaccination. Parasite Immunology 15,163-174. 

Hilton, L.S., Bean, A.G., and Lowenthal, J.W. 2002. The emerging role of avian cytokines as immunotherapeutics and vaccine adjuvants. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 85(3-4), 119-128. 

Petrovsky, N. and Aguilar, J. 2004. Vaccine adjuvants current state and future trends. Immunology and Cell Biology 82(5), 488-496. 

Vaccines Immunological and chemoprotective pre-treatments are being studied in models, but are not available for first responders as yet. 

Despite developments in the field of molecular biology, virology, immunology, and pharmacology, fhe confrol of HIV-1 still awaits effective vaccines and microbicides. Because significant technological advances are still required to overcome the unique obstacles posed by HIV-1, we must find ways to scale up proven prevention strategies and also provide access to HIV treatment for the infected individuals in the world. 

Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ, et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nat Med 1998 4(3) 321-327. 

For a more detailed discussion of vaccines and vaccination strategies, the reader is referred to Volume 170 of Immunological Reviews (1999), in which varions aspects of this area of research are discussed in greater detail. 

Vaccines and related biologic products constitute an important group of agents that bridge the disciplines of microbiology, infectious diseases, immunology, and immunopharmacology. A list of the most important preparations is provided here. The reader who requires more complete information is referred to the sources listed at the end of this appendix. 

Drew, D.R., Lightowlers, M.W. and Strugnell, R.A. (2000b) A comparison of DNA vaccines expressing the 45W, 18k and 16k host-protective antigens of Taenia ovis in mice and sheep. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 76, 171-181. 

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