Immunologic techniques

Biopolymers are employed in many immunological techniques, including the analysis of food, clinical samples, pesticides, and in other areas of analytical chemistry. Immunoassays (qv) are specific, sensitive, relatively easy to perform, and usually inexpensive. For repetitive analyses, immunoassays compare very favorably with many conventional methods in terms of both sensitivity and limits of detection. 

Immunoelectrophoretic Techniques. The technique of gel electrophoresis has been successfully combined with immunological techniques in order to further evaluate molecules. Specifically, the concept of double immunodiffusion as described in 1948 (57) and that of single-radial immunodiffusion described in 1963 (58) have been further developed for use with electrophoresis in both the clinical and research setting. 

Early interactions between the cell walls of the plant and the fungus and changes in their composition are essential morphogenetic events in the constitution of a functioning mycorrhiza. Cellular and molecular approaches have provided new insights into the complex and ever-changing scenario of these interactions. Cytochemical and in situ immunological techniques have demonstrated that both structure and function are less complex when assessed at the cell level (10,11,71,72). 

Dunbar, B.S. (1987) Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Immunological Techniques. Plenum, New York. pp. 229-335. 

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) An immunological technique used to quantify the amount of antigen or antibody in a sample such as blood plasma or serum. 

Anhaptoglobinemia denotes the absence of measurable amounts of Hp, which in practice means that the HbBC is less than 5 mg/100 ml. Conventional methods are not sensitive enough to measure true Hp concentration or the HbBC with any degree of exactitude below 10 mg/100 ml. Immunological techniques will probably prove capable of measuring Hp concentration below 10 mg/100 mg, especially since it is easy to prepare potent antihaptoglobin sera with precipitating antibodies. 

Enzyme modification, performance improvement, 3 671 Enzyme multiplied immunological technique (EMIT), 12 97 Enzyme Nomenclature, 17 402 Enzyme-product (EP) complex, 10 318 Enzyme production, Bacillus and, 12 477 Enzymes. See also Restriction enzymes Enzymes, 5 201... 

Clausen, J. (1989) Immunological techniques for the identification and estimation of macromolecules, 3rd edition, Elsevier Science, Netherlands. 

After isolation in a pure state, each of the ribosomal proteins was injected into rabbits and/or sheep, and antibodies were obtained. It was demonstrated by various immunological techniques that there is no significant immunological cross-reaction among any of the E. coti ribosomal... 

This report describes our results on analyses of antigens in cotton dust and bract by immunological techniques, and discusses the possibility of applying these results to the development of a bioassay for active agents which may be related to byssinosis. 

Brown, R. K. (1967) Immunological techniques (general). Methods Enzymol. 11, 917-927. 

One of the most striking lipoprotein abnormalities of familial LCAT deficiency is the presence in the LDL fraction of abnormally large particles, containing variable but unusually great proportions of unesteri-fied cholesterol and lecithin (F6, G14, N5). Recently, an abnormal LDL lipoprotein, identical to cholestatic lipoprotein, LP-X (see Section 8.1) was demonstrated in plasma from patients with familial LCAT deficiency (Ml, T2). Identity of the abnormal LDL lipoprotein and LP-X was shown by electron microscopy, composition, and immunological techniques (T2). The amount of LP-X in plasma of patients with obstructive jaundice ranged from 40 to 1200 mg/100 ml (M3) whereas plasma from patients with familial LCAT deficiency contained 49 to 152 mg/100 ml (T2). 

Malnutrition is responsible for well over half the number of deaths in children in tropical populations. Those who survive the ravages of it must continue to suffer throughout their lives from some aspects of the subnormal immune responses that invariably accompany malnutrition. As yet we know little about the long-term effects of malnutrition on the immune system however, with the availability of modern immunological techniques one can indeed look forward to answers to these problems. 

Subsequent work by Gardiner et al. showed that in a relatively complex mixture like human serum, the association between a metal and protein or ligand could be said to have been established when their Gaussian distribution coincide. This is more likely to be true if the elution volumes of the constituents are in the fractionation range rather than in the excluded volume. Examples of the usefulness of immunological techniques as an aid in identification of proteins are given. Necessary clean-up procedures are also suggested. 

Further improvement of microchemical methods for proteinaceous media was based on immunological techniques. The high specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction enables the discrimination of the same protein coming from different species, or the detection of multiple antigens in the same sample. Application to the analysis of artwork has been reported in two types of immunological techniques immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) [31]. 

The assessment of DNA adducts may provide a sensitive indicatCH of previous exposure. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has a lower limit of detection of about 0.08 femtomol per microgram of DNA (Perera et oL, 1982). This assay requires (1) the development of an antibody specific for a certain chemical metabolite bound covalently to DNA and (2) the isolation of DNA from some tissue sample, ag., skin biopsy, or lymphocytes of an exposed individual. It is anticipated that further refinement of such immunologic techniques may lower the threshold of sensitivity by one or two orders of magnitude. One such refined test is the ifitrasensitive ymatic radioimmunoassay (USE-RIA), purported to be about five times more sensitive than ELISA (Hsu et oL, 1981 Shamsuddin et oL, 1985 Harris et oL, 1985). Quantification by the development of monoclonal antibodies to aflatoxin Bj metabolites bound to DNA (Groopman et oL, 1982 Sizaret et oL, 1982) has now been reported. 

The location of the intracellular teichoic acid in streptococci of group D has also been studied by using immunological techniques. Shattock and Smith100-1 examined several strains by digestion of the walls with murami-... 

There are several immunological techniques in use. Enzyme multiplied immunological technique (EMIT) employs an enzymatic reaction to determine concentration, whereas radioimmunoassay (RIAl uses radioactively tagged reagents such as I lu measure concentration. 

J Sajdok, D Pozdrkova. P Rauch, J Kas. Thermal denaturation of henn egg white studied by chromatographic and immunological techniques. J Food Sci 54 906-908, 1989. 

Ercegovich, C.D. (1971). Analysis of pesticide residues Immunological techniques. In FJ. Biros, ed., Pesticide Identification at the Residue Level. ACS Symposium Series 104. Washington, DC. American Chemical Society, pp. 162-177. 

Herbicides are used to get rid of unwanted plants like weeds, brush, unproductive trees, and other vegetation that may deprive crops and other useful plants of nutrients. Numerous immunological techniques for the analysis of triazines, such as atrazine, propazine, simazine, ametryn, and cyanazine, have been developed recently (Table 8.8).185,235-237 Owing to their environmental persistence and their... 

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