Immunologic autoimmune disease, immunizations

Autoimmune diseases in which immunological self-tolerance breaks down and the immune system launches an attack on self-antigens. 

Despite extensive efforts, many infectious diseases, including AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, still lack effective and safe vaccines. Many noninfectious diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and allergy, also lack safe and effective vaccines. One reason for this lack is the absence of precise protective immune mechanism and immunological correlates of protection. These challenges can only be addressed with continuous productive research. Better rational vaccine design methods can only be developed after fundamental protective immunity mechanisms are better understood. 

There is indirect evidence of sex differences in immunology. Women have a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. The influence of sex hormones on the immune system may provide insight into these immunological disorders. For example, estrogen stimulates both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, whereas testosterone has the opposite effect (126). Therefore, it is not surprising that there is sex-dependent variability in response to immunosuppressive agents. 

These differences between BN and LEW rats in susceptibility to metal-induced autoimmunity and nephropathy are associated with intrinsic differences in the immune system of these two strains. Indeed, from an immunological point of view, the balance between "type 1" (Thl/Tcl) and "type 2" (Th2/Tc2) cells is opposite in BN and LEW rats. BN rats are susceptible to "type 2"-mediated immunological disorders, to which the LEW strain is resistant. Conversely, "type l"-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disease are easily induced in LEW, but not in BN rats [155]. These immunological features depend on inherent properties of T lymphocytes. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown an inherent bias in T lymphocytes (CD4 and CDS) from BN and from LEW rats to produce respectively "type 2" (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and "type 1" (IFN-y cytokines [156-158]. The difference in susceptibility to metal-induced autoimmunity and nephropathy of BN and LEW strains provides a unique tool to study their genetic control. 

The evaluation of certain immunological parameters such as cytokines may also be included. Although, there are currently a limited number of validated assays and understanding regarding the interpretation of this data. Some immune-related biological markers are not necessarily linked to pathological consequences. For example, it is possible to measure autoantibodies.100 However, there is no clear relationship between serum autoantibodies and the risk of autoimmune disease,101 and in the absence of conclusive data, autoantibodies should not be considered a predictive tool.100... 

Even if it could seem bizarre nowadays, live parasites or their antigens would work for ameriolating immunological disorders, like allergies or autoimmune diseases. Helminth infection can control concomitant immune disease modulat-... 

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