Bleeding techniques

Process Flow The schematic in Fig. 22-56 may imply that the feed rates to the concentrate and diluate compartments are equal. If they are, and the diluate is essentially desalted, the concentrate would leave the process with twice the salt concentration of the feed. A higher ratio is usually desired, so the flow rates of feed for concentrate and feed for diluate can be independently controlled. Since sharply differing flow rates lead to pressure imbalances within the stack, the usual procedure is to recirculate the brine stream using a feed-and-bleed technique This is usually true for ED reversal plants. Some nonreversal plants use slow flow on the brine side avoiding the recirculating pumps.. Diluate production rates are often 10X brine-production rates. 

Mild to moderate hemolysis in antiserum resulting from sub-optimal bleeding techniques probably does not interfere with most immunohistochemical staining procedures, but excessive hemolysis should be avoided. If excessive hemolysis or lipemia is encountered, isolation of the immunoglobulin fraction from the antiserum may be necessary. Such isolates will usually appear colorless and clear. Discard all immunochemicals, including antisera and normal non-immune sera contaminated with bacterial growth. Their use in... 

Riley, V. 1960. Adaptation of orbital bleeding technique to rapid serial blood studies. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 104 751-754. 

GSC does enjoy some advantages over gas-liguid chromatography and these have been sufficient to maintain some interest in the technique. Adsorbents are generally stable over a wide temperature range and are often insensitive to attack by oxygen. Column bleed is virtually nonexistent, so high sensitivity... 

The immunoglobulin fraction from each bleed was purified by use of a recirculating isoelectric focusing (RIEF) technique (Bier et al. 1979). The whole serum was diluted 1 3 with urea, to yield a final urea concentration of 3 M, and then desalted by electrodialysis. The urea was added to prevent precipitation under hypotonic conditions. Ampholine (1 percent w/v, pH 3.5 to 10, LKB... 

Current trends in GC relate to miniaturisation, fast-GC, improved selectivity (mainly for short columns), stability of column stationary phases (reduction of bleeding) and increasing use of MS detection [117]. Finally, GC can be readily hyphenated with spectroscopic techniques without using involved interfaces and thus can easily provide unambiguous solute identification. 

The calculation of protein proximity and hence association on the basis of sensitized emission or FSPIM requires correction for direct acceptor excitation and donor bleed through using several mathematical models and instrument correction factors [22, 59-61], which is difficult to control [22] (see also Chapters 7 and 8). A high detected acceptor to donor signal ratio in these techniques may also reflect other phenomena than FRET. For instance, this ratio is dependent on cellular expression levels and subcellular localizations, which are difficult to control. Additionally, for the widely used... 

Tests to determine the bleed fastness of a paint system - also called overpainting or overcoating fastness - are not subject to industrial standards. A commonly used technique involves overpainting a white paint film of defined thickness to a... 

P.Y.97 is used in a variety of fields. Even in pastel shades, it is used in industrial finishes while its full shades lend color to automobile refinishes. In emulsion paints, both its medium and full shades are suited to exterior application. The printing ink industry uses P.Y.97 in high grade printing products, especially where excellent fastness is required, such as in stable posters, etc. It lends itself without difficulty to all printing techniques. However, lack of fastness to monostyrene and acetone and therefore a certain tendency to bleed in these media precludes its application in deco printing inks, i.e., for decorative laminates. 

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