Immune cell types

Non-specific cellular immunity All other immune cell types such as granulocytes, various cells of the mononuclear phagocytosis system (macrophages/ monocytes, dendritic cells) or natural killer cells form part of the (less specialized) innate immunity. 

Serotonin is unsurpassed among monoamine neurotransmitters in the number of receptor subtypes reported to-date. Fourteen subtypes of seven major serotonin receptor classes have been identified in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, myeloid/immune cell types, and smooth musculature of mammals [1]. While discreet, endogenous release of serotonin is able to manifest a variety of responses and behaviours, exogenous administration of serotonin (and nonselective mimetics) suffers from indiscriminate actions at all populations of accessible receptors. Hence, the discovery of subtype-specific agonists and/or antagonists to the various serotonin receptors have been sought as specific therapeutic agents. 

Early in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that marijuana as well as cannabinoids derivative of this plant, particularly THC, had immunosuppressive properties. These compounds were found to exert a wide range of effects on a variety of immune functions from a diverse array of immune cell types. Such effects were observed for immune cells derivative of various rodents and for cell lines exhibiting... 

In the previous section we looked at innate immunity. This aspect of the immune system was the poor cousin to acquired immunity for decades, but has recendy graduated to a much higher status because of its relationship to inflammation. Many of the processes involving macrophages and other innate immunity cell types lead to inflammation. Inflammation is known to be the underlying contributor to almost every chronic human disease known, including arthritis, Crohn s disease, diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer s disease, and stroke. It has recently been shown that inflammation is also linked to cancer. 

The normal separation of neural and immune cell types has allowed both systems to utilize chemokines and their receptors for various aspects of... 

The major mature blood and immune cell types (erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes) are easily identifiable by microscopic observation of histochemically stained cell preparations, but distinguishing between mature cell subclasses such as B and T lymphocytes requires the use of monoclonal antibody staining for cell surface proteins in combination with multicolor flow cytometry (discussed later). 

Among vertebrate species, the neuro-endocrine-immime system is responsible for many complex, inter-related physiological processes including neuronal, homeostatic, reproductive and immune functions. There are four main types of hormone polypeptides, eicosanoids, steroids and thyroid hormones. Reflecting the inter-dependency of the neiiro-endocrine and immune systems, hormones, neuropeptides and other neiirotransmitters are known to be produced by some immune cells and play a role in the regulation of the immune system, while endocrine and nervous tissues express receptors for many substances produced by the immune system. The major focus of interest in endocrine disruption has... 

Now consider a latticized version of this model. Populate a square lattice -which may represent a tissue sample in which the modeled immune reactions are assumed to occur - with each of the four cell types C, H, M and V and initialize the system so that a fraction po of each cell type is in its high (i.e. = 1) concentration state. Assign the value 1 to each site i,j) if the sum of the concentrations of its nearest neighbors that are of the same cell type as site (i, j) is nonzero. After all sites have been assigned new values in this manner, update the system according to equations 8.92. 

The agglutination of incompatible red blood cells, which indicates that the body s immune system has recognized the presence of foreign cells in the body and has formed antibodies against them, results from the presence of polysaccharide markers on the surface of the cells. Types A, B, and O red blood cells... 

There is only one known type II IFN, IFN-y, discovered in 1965 (Wheelock and Sibley 1965). IFN-y is exclusively produced by immune cells, such as activated thymus-derived T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, after stimulation by foreign antigens or mitogens in the early stages of the innate immune response (Boehm etal. 1997). The human IFN-y gene maps to chromosome 12. IFN-y is a noncovalent... 

Producing cells Hematopoietic cells, mainly leukocytes Fibroblasts and some epithelial cell types Hematopoietic cells, mainly leukocytes Immune cells, mainly T cells and NK cells Hematopoietic cells, mainly monocytes Hematopoietic cells, mainly monocytes... 

Kato H, Sato S, Yoneyama M, Yamamoto M, Uematsu S, Matsui K, Tsujimura T, Takeda K, Fujita T, Takeuchi O, Akira S (2005) Cell type-specific involvement of RIG-I in antiviral response. Immunity 23 19-28... 

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