Immersion objective

Flussigkeits-. liquid, fluid, hydraulic, hydrostatic. -bad, n. liquid bath, -dichtemesser, m. hydrometer, -druck, m. pressure of a liquid, hydrostatic pressure, -ffirderung, /. conveyance of liquids, -gemisch, n. mixture of liquids, liquid mixture, -grad, m. degree of fluidity viscosity. -gradmesser, m. viscosimeter. -Unse, /. (Micros.) immersion objective, -mass, n. liquid measure, -menge. 

Figures 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5 show the flow patterns in a straight tube, through a constriction and past an immersed object. In the first case, the streamlines are all parallel to one another, whereas in the other two cases the streamlines approach one another as the passage becomes constricted, indicating that the velocity is increasing,...

Figure 2.5. Streamlines for flow past an immersed object...

Figure 7.3 shows the two-beam photon-force measurement system using a coaxial illumination photon force measurement system. Two microparticles dispersed in a liquid are optically trapped by two focused near-infrared beams ( 1 pm spot size) of a CW Nd YAG laser under an optical microscope (1064 nm, 1.2 MWcm , lOOX oil-immersion objective, NA = 1.4). The particles are positioned sufficiently far from the surface of a glass slide in order to neglect the interaction between the particles and the substrate. Green and red beams from a green LD laser (532 nm, 21 kWcm ) and a He-Ne laser (632.8 nm, 21 kW cm ) are introduced coaxially into the microscope and slightly focused onto each microparticle as an illumination light (the irradiated area was about 3 pm in diameter). The sizes of the illumination areas for the green and red beams are almost the same as the diameter of the microparticles (see Figure 7.4). The back scattered light from the surface of each microparticle is...

Permanently stained slides may be mounted with a cover slip or may be air dried and examined after oil is added. Slides should be examined at a magnification of x400 to X500 or greater after they are scanned under lower power to find optimal areas. A x50 oil immersion objective is particularly helpful, as it allows the easy use... 

The conidia are one-celled in most species and accumulate in balls at the apices of the annellides. With careful study utilizing the oil immersion objective, annellations (rings) usually can be seen at the apices of the annellides. 

In the papers referenced above it has been shown that depth resolutions around 2-3 pm collected with a 100 x microscope objective are possible. However, the depth resolution will degrade as one probes deeper into the sample this is a consequence of refraction caused by refractive index changes at the sample surface and boundaries within the sample. The greater the depth probed, the greater the dof becomes if an air objective is used the situation can be improved and aberrations minimised if an oil immersion objective is used [16,17],... 

Make slides permanent and suitable for viewing with an oil immersion objective by adding Permount and a cover slip. 

Figure 10.10 shows the experimental system of TE-CARS microscopy (Ichimura et al. 2004a). As similar to the TERS system (Hayazawa et al. 2000), the system mainly consists of an excitation laser, an inverted microscope, an AFM using a silver-coated probe, and a monochromator. Two mode-locked Ti sapphire lasers (pulse duration 5 picoseconds [ps] spectral band width 4 cm- repetition rate 80 MHz) are used for the excitation of CARS. The (o and (O2 beams are collinearly combined in time and space, and introduced into the microscope with an oil-immersion objective lens (NA = 1.4) focused onto the sample surface. As the z-polarized component of the... 

The observations are performed with a Leitz Ortholux polarizing microscope equipped with the ftOpak illuminator, lamps for reflected and transmitted light, immersion objectives, and verniers. Characteristics of the polished thin sections and of the nuclear emulsion plates are observed in transmitted light with the same immersion optics after removing the Berek prism. 

Another principle, which we might call the "common sense principle" for immersed objects, is one we ve used in the last two problems ... 

The other important technique for the study of films at the air/water interface which has recently been introduced is fluorescent microscopy. This technique was introduced by von Tscharner and McConnell [90] and Mohwald [91, 92]. It depends on the fact that certain amphiphilic fluorescent dyes become incorporated into islands of the surface active material under study. Furthermore, where two phases of the surface active material coexist, the dye can often be chosen so that it segregates preferentially into one phase. A shallow Teflon trough is employed with a water immersion objective incorporated into the bottom. The depth of water is adjusted so that the objective focuses on the water surface. The layer of material at the air/water interface is illuminated by a xenon lamp. The fluorescent light so generated passes via the objective and suitable filters to an image-intensified video camera and the image is displayed on a television screen. In some versions of this technique the fluoresence is viewed from above. Most of the pioneering work in this field was devoted to the study of phospholipids, a topic to which we will return. Recently this technique has been applied to the study of pen-tadecanoic acid and this work will be considered here as it relates directly to other papers discussed in this section. 

Fig. 4.8. Schematic of SERS experiment on pollen cellular fraction. Freeze-dried pollen was incubated with water, the supernatant was probed by SERS by adding a small amount to a solution of gold nanoparticles. The Raman experiments were carried out using a water immersion objective...

In the Raman experiments, an excitation wavelength of 785 nm (intensity 1.8 105 W/cm2) was used. The sample, i.e. a drop of Au nanoparticle suspension with soluble pollen content was placed under a (60x) water immersion objective. Raman spectra were recorded with 1 s acquisition time. The control preparations (pollen supernatant with water) did not yield any spectral features. A spectrum of rye pollen supernatant with Au nanoparticles is shown in Fig. 4.9, together with a normal Raman spectrum of a rye pollen grain. The difference in spectral information that can be obtained by both approaches is evident from a comparison of these two spectra. Although an estimate of an enhancement factor is not possible from this experiment, it is clear that... 

Figure 4.11 A three-dimensional reconstruction of multiphoton microscope acquired image slices of a series of small vessels in the dorsal skinfold window chamber. Taken with a 40x water immersion objective and digitally zoomed to approximately 60x.

A quick method of determining density utilizes Archimedes principle, which states that the buoyant force on an immersed object is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. A bar of magnesium metal attached to a balance by a fine thread weighed 31.13 g in air and 19.35 g when completely immersed in hexane (density 0.659 g/cm3). Calculate the density of this sample of magnesium in SI units. 

Compared to the fluidized bed, a spouted bed with immersed heat exchangers is less frequently encountered. Thus, the bed-to-surface heat transfer in a spouted bed mainly is related to bed-to-wall heat transfer. The bed-to-immersed-object heat transfer coefficient reaches a maximum at the spout-annulus interface and increases with the particle diameter [Epstein and Grace, 1997]. 

P 6] A -50 pi droplet with 2 pm latex spheres suspended in water was spread over both electrodes on to the chip. The mixing was followed by a microscope with an oil immersion objective [95], Evaporation of the droplet solution has to be minimized, as this notably affects the electrorotation. 

The last two sections of this paper will discuss this interplay between detailed modelling and both theory and experiment. The third section describes how a model must be tested in various limits for physical consistency to insure its accuracy. The specific example chosen here is a comparison between an analytic solution and a detailed numerical simulation of a premixed laminar flame. The last section shows how a comparison between model results and experiments can be used to calibrate the model and to guide further experiments. The example chosen is a calculation of flow over an immersed object which is compared to both experimental and theoretical results. 

Figure 11. The subdivision of the total scan area (TSA). The numerical values used in this drawing are based on a 100x oil immersion objective lens. There is some overlapped area between adjacent fields.

The visualization provided by transmitted red light illumination (Fig. 1C and D, T) can be improved by using phase optics with a halogen 50-watt lamp, a Leitz-Phaco II ring, a Leitz-91 phase condenser and a 40x immersion objective with a built-in phase ring. In this case the 1.30-1.40 N.A. objectives are replaced by the Leitz 1.00 N.A. immersion objective (56), but... 

The visualization of cells is made by using phase optics with a halogen 50-watt lamp, a Leitz Phaco II ring, 91-phase condenser and 40 X immersion objective with built-in phase ring. 

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